Air quality is one of the greatest environmental and health issues, being the one side on which air pollution directly affects human health, ecosystems, and climate. Whereas the World Health Organization attributed more than 7 million deaths annually due to air pollution directly or indirectly related, it remains one of the most serious environmental challenges (Bade et al., 2024; WHO, 2023). Air quality is defined by the concentration levels of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O₃), also directly associated with severe health effects and substantial general environmental damage (Al-Qahtani et al., 2024). Air pollution contributes to climate change by affecting greenhouse gas levels and acid rain formation, which impacts agricultural crops and infrastructure (Bertrand, 2021). Baghdad faces many environmental challenges, including air pollution from human, industrial, and transportation sources (Khaleel et al., 2024; Al-Rikabi et al., 2024; Talib et al., 2021). Recently, environmental displacement has led to the expansion of urban centers, causing agricultural land to be converted into residential areas and vegetation cover to decrease, which has directly contributed to rising temperatures as a result of decreased natural cooling, increased absorption of solar radiation, and changing wind patterns (Hashim et al., 2025; Ahmed and Al- Ramahi 2022). Excessive use of fossil fuels has increased dangerous atmospheric pollutants (Shah et al., 2021). Research shows that pollutants such as NO₂ and SO₂ contribute to the aggravation of respiratory and heart diseases, while ground-level ozone is linked to increased incidence of chronic pulmonary diseases (Olstrup et al., 2024). The study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of gaseous pollutants (CO, SO₂, NOₓ, O₃) in urban and agricultural areas in Baghdad. Comparison of air pollutant concentrations between wet and dry seasons to determine the impact of climatic conditions on air quality. Assess air quality using the AQI index and compare it with national and international standards. Understand the effects of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and wind speed) Research Paper Journal of Agrometeorology ISSN : 0972-1665 (print), 2583-2980 (online) Vol. No. 27 (2) :196 - 204 (June - 2025) https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v27i2.2924 https://journal.agrimetassociation.org/index.php/jam ZAINAB N. ABDULATEEF 1* , ADEL H. TALIB 1 and MAITHAM A. SULTAN 2 1 Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Scientific Research Commission, Research and Technology of Environment, Water and Renewable Energy Center, Baghdad, Iraq * Corresponding author’s e-mail: zainab.abd2102p@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq Spatiotemporal air quality variation between urban and agricultural areas: The influence of climatic factors and pollution dynamics Article info - DOI: https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v27i2.2924 Received:25 February 2025; Accepted:13 April 2025; Published online : 1 June, 2025 “This work is licensed under Creative Common Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) © Author (s)” Air pollution is a critical environmental and meteorological concern, significantly influenced by climatic conditions and atmospheric dynamics. Hence, the present study examines seasonal and daily variations in the concentrations of air pollutants, such as CO, SO₂, NOₓ, and O₃, in Baghdad, based on the principle of meteorological influences during the wet and dry seasons. Data were collected at 23 transportation intersections in during morning and afternoon periods. The results indicated a robust relationship between the levels of pollutants addition to an agricultural area and meteorological conditions. Carbon monoxide showed an afternoon peak during the dry season owing to air stagnation (28.2–18.7 ppm). Ozone concentrations also heightened in this season due to increased temperature and photochemical reactions (0.515–0.35 ppm). Levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reflect over-national air quality standards, with maxima seen in the dry season and more so in the afternoons. The results of the Air Quality Index analysis show that the main factors causing a drastic decrease in quality during the dry season are higher temperatures, scanty rainfall, and increased levels of photochemical activity. This result emphasizes the need to integrate meteorology .into urban planning to mitigate pollution Keywords: Air pollution, Air quality index, GIS analysis, Seasonal variation, Meteorology, Climate impact. ABSTRACT