1 The age of words and languages by lexical similarities (Zoltan Andrew Simon, 2025) [Without Abstract] Instead of Introduction: The 38 Hungarian dialects – The world’s first complex dialect map by computer This study starts with the first complex computer-generated map for the dialects of any language. Its summary was first published in 1982-1983, in Hungarian monthly magazine of Vancouver, named ‘Tárogató’. As a matter of fact, in those days the author had found an earlier linguistic atlas, probably that of Scotland, claiming that its maps had been prepared by the help of computer. However, the computer there had been involved only in drawing borderlines on the individual maps, and it was not a complex comparison of 100 words, only one at a time. (Both sets of printouts – as huge books – were sent two two Hungarian authorities in 1985 as it is explained below. The second one was the editorial office of the Encylopaedia Hungarica in Calgary, Canada. The author’s first child was born, and he lost his job. His unemployment benefits ended, and he moved from Vancouver to Toronto.) Our linguistic project was based on the huge Atlas of Hungarian Dialects (“A Magyar nyelvjárások atlasza,” 1949-1969), consisting of about 1500 maps, one for each word or expression. Our project of evaluating this atlas was financed by the author of this book, and successfully executed in 1982 though the help of two computer programmers in Vancouver, British Columbia. Its total cost was about Canadian $2000, excluding at least one thousand man-hours. Latter work included the placing of the selected hundred old Hungarian words in strictly different groups. These were not cognate groups, but any variant of a word had to form a separate group if any of its letters was even slightly different. The printed forms of each word contained several special letters intelligible only for linguists. The professional linguists that had collected the dialectal variants on the field had also determined those special transcriptions for all variants, based the laws of international phonetics. For example, sounds marked by different letters and accents (such as à, á, â, ä, or å) were considered different for the comparison. It was not an easy task to select the one hundred typical old Hungarian words. It involved work with words that gave many dialectal variants and some of them had to be neglected. In many cases, the notion seemed old enough, showing good variants, but the collectors covered only every third village or so. Therefore, those words cannot be included here. The author picked hundred words that had variants at many collection points, namely in 395 villages of the Carpathian Basin. Of course, if the people in certain villages did not know an animal or a plant (for example, the poppy seed), they ended up in a separate group. Fortunately, such situation hardy happened. Sometimes it was hard to tell if a word has had slight differences in the pronunciation, or the different forms had been the result of a ‘genetic’ difference. Fortunately, our job was the automatic registration of the perfect matches, and it did not involve any judgement. Thus, in the case of the quince, an apple-like fruit, one may find variants as birs, biss, bissóma, or birsalma. All these four would form a separate group in our evaluation, regardless any partial similarity. In many cases, in most of the villages the people used more than one dialectal variant for a certain word. Therefore, if the first village had two phonetic forms marked “a” and “b,” while the 395th village used three variants marked “b,” “c” and “k,” then the computer indicated a match between them for that word, since both had the variant “b.” Mathematically, hundred words of each of the 395 villages had to be compared with the same hundred words pronounced in the other 394 villages. This comparison meant hundred times 77815 = 7,781,500 possible combinations, according to our formula shown previously. Actually, as we often