Evaluation of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench on the Reduction of Creatinine Levels and Its Antioxidant Properties In vitro Ogochukwu Immaculate Obika 1 , Aminat Asabi Oyawaluja 1 , Joseph O. Oiseoghaede¹, Olukemi Abiodun Odukoya 1 and Ngozi Afulenu Obika-Ndiri 2 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria 2 Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Rivers State University Nigeria (Received: April 2, 2022; Accepted: September 9, 2022; Published (Web): December 20, 2022) ABSTRACT: The study investigated the effect of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench extract on the renal activity of both normal and ailing patients. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, vacuum liquid chromatography and TLC were carried out. The creatinine reduction ability was analyzed using Jaffe’s method for clean-catch spot urine samples of normal, diabetic and hypertensive patients. S. bicolor showed strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 52.17 μg/ml, compared to the standard vitamin C with an IC50 value of 40.59 μg/ml. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) result showed a significant difference between the patients’ urine (rows) (p-value = 2.77×10 –08 ) and a significant difference between the dose treatments (columns) (p-value = 8.38×10 –14 ). Whilst different fractions of S. bicolor at different concentrations showed varying effects on the creatinine concentration, it reduced creatinine level in low doses and has antioxidant properties. Key words: Sorghum bicolor, creatinine, antioxidant, reno-protective, kidney, VLC, in-vitro, chromatography, DPPH. INTRODUCTION Creatinine is a derivative of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscle, and is usually produced and excreted equally at quite a constant rate by the body under stable state. 1,2 The creatinine production rate per day is 10-15 mg/kg in children, 15-20 mg/kg in women and 20-25 mg/kg in men. 2 The normal range differ depending on the age group, body size, diet, and gender. 3 The creatinine concentration in urine decrease sharply after taking diuretics or drinking water and alcoholic beverages. 4 The utmost problem with using urinary creatinine to estimate body composition is the normal large daily variability of creatinine excretion within individual, although some people excrete uniform amounts of creatinine. 5 Monošík and Dragsted 6 in their study of dried urine swabs as a tool for monitoring metabolite excretion, measured creatinine level using a spot urine sample Correspondence to: Ogochukwu Immaculate Obika Email: obika.immaculate@gmail.com Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(2): 165-172, 2022 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i2.63117 and stated that it reduces the problems associated with 24-h urine collection for both the scientist and the volunteers. 6 The quantity of both filtered and secreted creatinine expelled from the urine represents the difference between creatinine generation and its extra-renal excretion; the former is proportional to muscle mass but also affected by meat intake and the latter is known to increase in patients with severely reduced kidney function. 7 In addition to using plants as food, specific plants make excellent natural medicines. Plants generally are really cleansing, healing, soothing and revitalizing as well as nourishing. Plants have an advantage in therapy, based on their long term use by humans as the main ingredients of traditional medicine. Around 100 plant species have contributed significantly to modern drugs. 8 Several medicinal plants including Carica papaya (Pawpaw), Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm), Phoenix dactylifera (Date), Kigelia africana (Sausage), Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) and Mangifera indica (Mango) have been