Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193409 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials
Article
Roles of TOPO Coordinating Solvent on Prepared
Nano-Flower/Star and Nano-Rods Nickel Sulphides for Solar
Cells Applications
Mojeed A. Agoro
1,2,
* and Edson L. Meyer
1
1
Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
* Correspondence: magoro@ufh.ac.za or amodoyin@gmail.com; Tel.: +27-781246437
Abstract: The present study describes a cheap, safe, and stable chemical process for the formation
of nickel sulphide (NiS) with the use of mixed and single molecular precursors. The production
pathway is uncomplicated, energy-efficient, quick, and toxic-free, with large-scale commercializa-
tion potential. The obtained results show the effect of tri-N-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as a coor-
dinating solvent on the reaction chemistry, size distributions, morphology, and optical properties
of both precursors. Ni[N,N-benz-N-p-anisldtc] as NiSa, Ni[N,N-benzldtc] as NiSb, and Ni[N-p-ani-
sldtc] as NiSc thermally decompose in a single step at 333–334 °C. The X-ray diffraction peaks for
NiSa, NiSb, and NiSc matched well with the cubic NiS nanoparticles and corresponded to planes of
(111), (220), and (311). The extrapolated linear part from the Tauc plots reveals band gap values of
3.12 eV, 2.95 eV, and 2.5 eV, which confirms the three samples as potential materials for solar cell
applications. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique affirmed the quantum dot size
distribution at 19.69–28.19 nm for NISa, 9.08–16.63 nm for NISb, and 9.37–10.49 nm for NISc, respec-
tively. NiSa and NiSc show a clearly distinguishable flower/star like morphology, while NiSb dis-
plays a compact nano-rod shape. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, very few studies have been
reported on the flower/star like and nano-rod shapes, but none with the dithiocarbamate molecular
precursor for NiS nanoparticles.
Keywords: molecular precursor; nickel sulphide; quantum dots; particles size; morphology
1. Introduction
The current situation between Russia and most of the developed western countries,
namely their sore dependence on Russian coal, fuels, and gas products, is having a serious
impact on their economies. The only possible solution to these geometrical political con-
straints is a change to a renewable energy that is cost-effective, easy to generate, and en-
vironmentally friendly, such as solar energy. The most promising next-generation solar
cells in the last two decades have been quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), which
have reasonable efficiency and future-enhancement prospects. These future expectations
are linked to their ability to optimize quantum dots (QDs) particle sizes, their cost friend-
liness, easy fabrication, and different wavelength ranges that will cover the visible light
spectrum. Furthermore, a single photon can greatly enhance the conversion output of
QDSCs through multiple-exciton excitons, making QDs a potential candidate in applica-
tions, such as solar cells [1–7]. Replacing the dye molecules in the dye-sensitized solar cell
structure principle with QD semiconductors will increase conversion efficiency [8–10].
QDs semiconductors from metal chalcogenides (selenides, sulphides, tellurides)
have been employed in QDSCs as photosensitizers, displaying remarkable performance,
as well as in other applications such as optical conductors, IR detectors, coatings, and
many more [11,12]. Nickel sulphide (NiS) has a phase structure that is more intricate than
Citation: Agoro, M.A.; Meyer, E.L.
Roles of TOPO Coordinating Solvent
on Prepared Nano-Flower/Star and
Nano-Rods Nickel Sulphides for
Solar Cells Applications.
Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3409. https://
doi.org/10.3390/nano12193409
Academic Editors: Baizeng Fang
and Efrat Lifshitz
Received: 3 September 2022
Accepted: 27 September 2022
Published: 28 September 2022
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