Biodegradation of explosive material 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Introduction 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a solid material, yellow, odourless and not found naturally, (TNT) was manufactured via aggregation of Nitric acid HNO3 and Sulfuric acid with Toluene C 6 H 5 -CH 3 . 1 TNT was manufactured in 1916 at the beginning of First World War, TNT also was produced commercially and in governmental factories to use it in military ammunition in first and Second World War. 2 TNT is a nitroaromatic compound, highly explosive six-membered ring, and its solid crystal material at room temperature and yellow colour. 3 TNT considered as a nitroaromatic explosive which edited to the soil and water in the ecosystem, due to highly using basically in first and second war. Therefore, many used sites to produce TNT was polluted seriously and massively with TNT and related to it. Polluted sites with TNT may contain 10gm kgm-1 of TNT in soil and reach to 100mg liter-1 in water. TNT and its derivatives have a high toxicity and mutagens for prokaryotic and Eukaryotic at the same time. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clean polluted to ensure quality and environmental safety. There are estimates that nearly 3320 sites in Germany alone require restoration of a clean environment. A various chemical and physical processes have been developed to treat contaminated soil with TNT, but they are all very expensive, an activated charcoal for nitrogenous aromatic compounds has often been used to treat TNT in surface water and groundwater contaminated with these substances, unfortunately, the filling used in the purification Are very expensive and used carbon as highly problematic waste. 4 A soluble phase of TNT is characterized by the presence of sludge containing TNT with environmental toxicity and contains directly about 67.8mg litre-1 from TNT. This sludge has specific toxicity for root elongation and germination. TNT is changed to4-amino-2,6-DNT and 2-amino-4,6-DNA with decreasing of total concentrations for nitrogenous aromatic compounds along 21days, Bio-decomposition experiments are evaluation criteria for the further development of appropriate treatment technologies for these substances. Addition of isolated bacterial occultation from surrounding environment may accelerate processing of biodegradation because it is compatible with the material to be processed. The solid phase of TNT prevent microbial activity, therefore its transformation into the aqueous phase (water) accelerates its biological degradation processes. An enzymatic action of microorganisms is responsible for the degradation of TNT. 5 Incomplete transitions of TNT derivatives in the environment are highly toxic to organisms such as fish and other animals, also it has an effect on fungus species Phanerochaete chrysosporium when the concentration is more than 20 ppm. 6 Several studies have suggested that this substance may cause a very wide range of adverse health effects on certain environmental receptors such as Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535/pTL210, algae, plants, invertebrate, some vertebrates and humans, but there are other studies were conducted on animals like Canis lupus, Mus musculus, Rattus and Rana temporaria, refers to TNT and its derivatives are mutilated to embryos, toxic to cells and may cause cellular mutation. 7 Current studies have focused mainly on the bioremediation of this substance within the site. A wide range of fungi, plants, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria have been studied to determine effective technologies for biodegradation of TNT in the suite, generally, the fungi have high levels of aromatic nitrogenous explosives, but it cannot survive in harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures and acidity. 8 Aerobic bacteria also have the potential to convert TNT into an environmentally non-toxic substance. 9 Also found that it is possible to immobilize road shape bacteria Bacillus sp. YRE1 on the surface of charcoal and polystyrene to use it directly in TNT biodegradation, and it found immobilization on charcoal and polystyrene raising from the efficiency of concentration reducing from 70.6% to 73.35% and degradation efficiency reaching to 94% in acidity at pH (5-7). 10 It was found that the bacteria isolated from the soils contaminated with TNT, gave amazing results by analyzing all the remaining TNT with NO 3 release to the media. 11 J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access. 2018;6(2):1116–120. Volume 6 Issue 2 - 2018 Ahmed Ibrahim Jessim Ministry of higher education and scientific research, science and technology, Center of research and development, Iraq Correspondence: Ahmed Ibrahim Jessim, Ministry of higher education and scientific research, science and technology, Treatment and disposal of chemical, biological and military hazardous wastes, Center of research and development, Baghdad, Iraq, Tel 96 47 7136 59713, Email ahm_jas71@yahoo.com Received: February 20, 2018 | Published: March 26, 2018 Abstract This mini-review aims to introduce biological treatments of the explosive substance 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), scientifically, it has been proven that this material is toxic, toxicity of its derivatives on evaluated living organisms, but it does not affect bacteria, fungi and yeast, therefore, these microorganisms can be used to treat toxic material TNT, and its derivatives which dissolve in water, it can be treated environmentally via one of the biotic methods, such as Bioreactor, Biological Composting, Biopilling and Phytoremediation for low concentrations in water and soil. Where micro-organisms convert TNT into other non-hazardous situation in the bioreactor, and the degradation of the (TNT) by turning carbon C14 located in the (TNT) and appearing in biomass of the cell as Acetic acid trichloroethylene where a material acquired by living cells in phytodegradation, in biopilling and composting, TNT is converted to Amino and diamino nitro toluene during the oxygen phase, Ventilation is eliminate changing materials Perhaps by the equivalent binding with the soil. Keywords: TNT, biodegradation, bioreactor, land farming, biopilling, composting, phytoremediation © 2018 Jessim. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. 116 Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Mini Review Open Access