International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences
Vol-10, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2025
Peer-Reviewed Journal
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijels.com/
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijels
IJELS-2025, 10(4), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.104.41 291
Gender Stereotyping in Children’s Picture Books and the
Impact on 10-Year-Old Children in China
Zhang Ya Qiu*, Soo Kum Yoke
Faculty of Language, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
Faculty of Language, Universiti Teknologi MARA
*Corresponding author
Received: 28 Jun 2025; Received in revised form: 21 Jul 2025; Accepted: 25 Jul 2025; Available online: 30 Jul 2025
©2025 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Abstract— This mixed-methods study investigates the manifestation and impact of linguistic gender
stereotypes in children’s picture books within contemporary China, addressing three research questions.
Analyzing the 2022 Ministry of Education edition of Beauty and the Beast alongside responses from 60
Chinese children (aged 9.5–10.5), the research reveals how language reinforces gender binaries.
Quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate that male characters are predominantly described with
agentic vocabulary ("assertive," "competitive," "decisive") and action verbs ("roar," "fight"), while female
characters are labeled with communal terms ("gentle," "affectionate," "submissive") and nurturing verbs
("comfort," "nurture"). Metaphors further entrench stereotypes (males as "lions"; females as "flowers").
Mandarin-specific linguistic mechanisms—including preferential use of professional classifiers like 名
(míng) for males and verbs like "caring" for females—amplify biases. The findings underscore the
"Chinese paradox," where policy mandates for equality clash with persistent linguistic stereotyping and
intergenerational transmission. Recommendations include: (1) prioritizing counter -stereotypical texts (e.g.,
Red: A Crayon’s Story); (2) training educators to deconstruct biased language; (3) revising the
"gender-sensitive language" policy to address Mandarin’s classifier/verb bias; and (4) longitudinal
monitoring of the "Double Reduction" policy’s impact on STEM engagement. Urgent action is needed to
transform picture books from vehicles of limitation into catalysts for equitable identity development.
Keywords— gender stereotypes; children’s picture books; Gender Schema Theory (GST); Social
Learning Theory (SLT); Chinese education