Research Article
Size-DependentChlorinatedNitrogen-DopedCarbonNanotubes:
Their Use as Electrochemical Detectors for Catechol
and Resorcinol
Winny Kgabo Maboya
1
andMologadiNkiyasiRantho
2
1
Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology,
Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
2
Department of Physics, Mathematics and Non-Destructive Testing, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences,
Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
Correspondence should be addressed to Winny Kgabo Maboya; winnyma@vut.ac.za
Received 3 May 2023; Revised 1 July 2023; Accepted 14 July 2023; Published 24 July 2023
Academic Editor: Hamish Andrew Miller
Copyright © 2023 Winny Kgabo Maboya and Mologadi Nkiyasi Rantho. Tis is an open access article distributed under the
CreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,provided
the original work is properly cited.
In this study, various-sized nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) were fabricated by varying the concentration of chlorine
inthefeed.TediameteroftheNCNTswasfoundtoinfuence the sensing ability of the nanomaterials when coated onto the glassy
carbonelectrode(GCE)andusedforthedetectionofcatechol(CC)andresorcinol(RS).LargerdiameterNCNTs(denotedNCNTs
(2 :1)) were produced when a low concentration of chlorine was added into the acetonitrile feed, whereas smaller diameter NCNTs
(denoted NCNTs (1: 2)) were produced when a large concentration of chlorine was added. Tis investigation revealed that the
addition of controllable amounts of chlorine during the fabrication of NCNTs led to the creation of nanostructures with diferent
properties. Te greatest current response which was evidenced by an enhanced anodic peak of CC and RS was obtained when GCE
was coated with NCNTs (2 :1), and this was attributed to their large diameter and high graphitic nature which facilitated electron
transfer as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
analysis. A linear response was obtained when varying the concentration of both CC and RS, with the limits of detection of about
0.059 μM (CC) and 0.034 μM (RS) (3S/M) obtained.
1.Introduction
Phenol and its derivatives are widely used in many felds,
such as tanning, cosmetic, dye, chemical, and pharmaceu-
tical industries [1, 2]. Tese compounds contain aromatic
rings with one or more hydroxyl groups functionalized on
the carbon atom, ranging from simple phenols to high
molecular weight polymers. Terefore, the development of
methods that can be used for sensitive and selective mon-
itoring of phenolic compounds is very important for en-
vironmental protection [3, 4]. Catechol (CC) and resorcinol
(RS), together with hydroquinone (HQ), are a class of
phenolic compounds called dihydroxybenzene isomers and
are extensively used as chemical intermediates in the
manufacture of many products, such as pesticides,
agrochemicals, dyes, cosmetics, food additives, medicines,
insecticides, and explosives [5–7]. Tese phenolic com-
pounds are known as one of the signifcant threats for
environmental pollutants because of their poor degradability
and strong toxicity in nature [8, 9]. Traces of CC and RS are
widely distributed in our ecosystem, for example, in our
water sources, and they usually coexist as pollutants [10–12].
It is known that CC can produce renal tube destruction, liver
function reduction, and strong central nervous system
suppression when adsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract at
high doses [13]. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to
RS resulted in suppression of thyroid hormone synthesis in
humans, haematological abnormalities, carcinogenesis, and
fatal cases of human fetus poisoning [14]. As such, catechol
is considered more toxic than resorcinol, and both are
Hindawi
International Journal of Electrochemistry
Volume 2023, Article ID 7977453, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7977453