Citation: Irfeey, A.M.M.; Alotaibi,
B.A.; Najim, M.M.M.; Shah, A.A.
Water Valuation in Urban Settings for
Sustainable Water Management.
Water 2023, 15, 3105. https://
doi.org/10.3390/w15173105
Academic Editor: Enedir Ghisi
Received: 28 July 2023
Revised: 19 August 2023
Accepted: 28 August 2023
Published: 30 August 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
water
Article
Water Valuation in Urban Settings for Sustainable Water
Management
Abdul Munaf Mohamed Irfeey
1
, Bader Alhafi Alotaibi
2,
* , Mohamed M. M. Najim
3
and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah
4,5
1
Technology Stream, Advanced Level Section, Zahira College Colombo, Orabi Pasha Street, Maradana,
Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka
2
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University, Kampus Sinaut, Km 33, Jalan Tutong,
Tutong TB1741, Brunei
4
School of Public Administration, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Jiangning District,
Nanjing 211100, China
5
Nanjing Research Center for Environment and Society, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
* Correspondence: balhafi@ksu.edu.sa; Tel.: +966-504240201
Abstract: This study examines water scarcity and quality deterioration in various components of
the urban setting, including agriculture, manufacturing, construction, residential buildings, and the
recreational industries. This paper also analyzes various measures that can be used as valuation
matrices to assess the quality and quantity of water consumption, as well as conservation practices
and sustainable management strategies. The aim of this work is to enhance and encourage an increase
in the value of consumed water through economistic, efficient, and sustainable approaches. The
analysis includes the evaluation of measures such as price reform, adoption of efficient appliances,
implementation of effective utilization techniques, reduction in water waste, treatment of wastewater,
and employment of reuse and reclamation techniques. This article further discusses the multifaceted
costs associated with the acquisition of water, emphasizing the need to consider not only economic
factors but also environmental and social implications. This study examines the potential adverse
effects of introducing value-added measures, specifically focusing on the impact of water pricing
reforms on farmers and industrial manufacturers. The analysis highlights the potential increase
in costs that these stakeholders may face as a result of such reforms. This study suggests that the
implementation of subsidies can be an effective measure to mitigate the negative effects discussed.
This article highlights the urgent global need for governments and international organizations to
implement strict policies and regulations in order to preserve water resources and protect their
inherent value and, also, emphasizes the importance of consumers understanding the true value of
water in order to grasp its significance and scarcity.
Keywords: water valuation; freshwater; water conservation; water price reforming
1. Introduction
Rapid urbanization around the globe is escalating concerns over water scarcity. In-
creasing population growth [1], nonviable water administration [2], deficient regulatory
frameworks [3], inadequate infrastructure, suboptimal water utilization, and heightened
competition for water resources across diverse domains [4] are all playing crucial roles in
water scarcity. As, currently, half of the global population is residing in urban areas, by
2050, it may rise to 70% [5]. Therefore, the reduction in the quantity of water allocated to
each person and the consequent deterioration in its quality are interrelated. The World
Bank has projected a 50–70% rise in the demand for water in urban regions over the next
three decades [6].
Water 2023, 15, 3105. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173105 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water