Available online at www.CivileJournal.org
Civil Engineering Journal
(E-ISSN: 2476-3055; ISSN: 2676-6957)
Vol. 8, No. 01, January, 2022
181
Engineering Properties of Concrete Made with Coal Bottom Ash
as Sustainable Construction Materials
Fanny Monika
1
, Hakas Prayuda
1*
, Martyana Dwi Cahyati
1
, Erwiena Nurmala Augustin
1
,
Hilal Aulia Rahman
1
, Agustin Dwi Prasintasari
1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Brawijaya, Tamantirto, Kasihan,
Bantul, Yogkakarta 55182, Indonesia.
Received 14 September 2021; Revised 11 December 2021; Accepted 16 December 2021; Published 01 January 2022
Abstract
Concrete is considered one of the construction materials that contribute the most significant carbon dioxide in the world.
Meanwhile, according to various studies, concrete production will continue to rise through 2050, especially in developing
countries. According to several reports, cement manufacture is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide in the concrete
sector. In addition, overexploitation of aggregates due to concrete production also causes unavoidable natural damage.
Bottom ash waste was used as a replacement for cement and fine aggregate as sustainable construction materials. It is
envisaged that this research would allow industrial waste to be utilized to its full potential, resulting in a concrete that is
more environmentally friendly and minimizes carbon dioxide emissions during the manufacturing process. This study is
divided into bottom ash as a cement substitute and bottom ash as a fine aggregate substitute. The engineering properties of
the concrete were checked during the experiments in this study when it was fresh and hardened states. The slump test is
used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. While for the hardened properties tests consist of compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and mass density. The usage of bottom ash as a cement replacement
demonstrates that as the composition of bottom ash increases, the performance of the hardened properties of concrete
decreases. While using bottom ash as a fine aggregate replacement reveals that the performance of hardened properties has
improved as the proportion of bottom ash utilized has increased.
Keywords: Bottom Ash; Cementitious Materials; Fresh Properties; Hardened Properties; Sustainable Material.
1. Introduction
Concrete is one of the most consumed materials in the world for the construction industry. Concrete is commonly
utilized since it is easy to find materials at reasonable prices compared to other construction materials. Cement, water,
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and superplasticizer are the most common constituent ingredients in concrete. Concrete
has several advantages such as cost-effective, high resistance to compressive forces, durability in various environments,
high fire resistance, and ease of shaping to the desired design. Material selection, mixing, transporting concrete to the
construction site, operational service, maintenance, and demolition are part of the concrete construction life cycle [1].
From the construction process until the demolition of a concrete structure, there are always flaws that lead concrete to
have a negative impact, particularly on the environment. According to several studies, every process in the concrete life
cycle produces significant gas emissions emitted into the atmosphere. The annual level of gas emissions released into
* Corresponding author: hakasprayuda@umy.ac.id
http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-014
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee C.E.J, Tehran, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).