International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Vol. 14, No. 3, June 2025, pp. 1856~1869 ISSN: 2252-8822, DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v14i3.31977  1856 Journal homepage: http://ijere.iaescore.com Navigating complexities in on-the-job training at vocational institutions: a systematic literature review Selvi Rajamanickam, Ridzwan Che Rus, Mohd Nazri Abdul Raji Faculty of Technical and Vocational, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Jul 5, 2024 Revised Feb 13, 2025 Accepted Feb 21, 2025 This study aims to systematically review and analyze the integration of fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0) technologies into technical and vocational education and training (TVET) through on-the-job training (OJT), focusing on key themes such as skills development in the digital age, workforce productivity, relevance of IR 4.0 technologies, and the role of OJT in TVET. Additionally, it seeks to identify the challenges and best practices associated with this integration, offering actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and industry stakeholders to enhance skills development and workforce adaptability in the context of the IR 4.0. A systematic literature review was conducted to understand the multifaceted challenges and opportunities surrounding OJT programs within TVET institutions. Given TVET’s vital role in equipping individuals with workforce-relevant skills, optimizing OJT programs is crucial for meeting modern industry demands. The PRISMA framework guided the review, using advanced search techniques on databases such as Scopus, ERIC, and IEEE, leading to the analysis of 35 primary sources. The review addressed areas including the adaptation of training to modern technologies, labor market outcomes, innovative practices for competency development, and ensuring equity and access in vocational training. It identified best practices, highlighted knowledge gaps, and provided recommendations to optimize OJT in TVET. Key findings emphasized aligning OJT with emerging technologies, enhancing employment outcomes, promoting innovative training methods, and ensuring inclusive and effective vocational training. The study concludes by offering recommendations to improve the quality and outcomes of OJT in TVET, ensuring alignment with evolving workforce and industry needs. Keywords: Industry On-the-job training TVET TVET institution Vocational education This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Corresponding Author: Ridzwan Che Rus Faculty of Technical and Vocational, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Slim Street, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia Email: ridzwan@ftv.upsi.edu.my 1. INTRODUCTION In the evolving landscape of technical and vocational education and training (TVET), on-the-job training (OJT) emerges as a pivotal component, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills. This systematic literature review explores multifaceted nature of OJT within TVET institutions, aiming to unravel its complexities and derive insights for effective implementation [1]–[4]. The criticality of OJT in TVET is underscored by the rapidly changing technological and industrial environments, which demand not only a skilled workforce but also one that is adaptable and continuously evolving. The review begins by establishing the context of TVET in the global education framework, highlighting its role in