 Corresponding author: Ravindra B. Malabadi Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Applications of 3D Printing in Plant Science-An Updated Review Raju K. Chalannavar 1 , Ravindra B. Malabadi 1, 2, * , Hosamani PA 3 , Kiran P. Kolkar 4 , Divakar MS 5 and Nethravathi TL 6 1 Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India. 2 Miller Blvd, NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 3 Department of Botany, Bangurnagar Arts, Science, and Commerce College, Dandeli-581325, Karnataka State, India. 4 Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka State, India. 5 Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri- 574199, Karnataka State, India. 6 Department of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Science (DS), Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology (NMIT), NITTE Campus, 6429, NITTE Meenakshi College Road, BSF Campus, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Govindapura, Karnataka State, India. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 24(02), 128-163 Publication history: Received on 28 June 2025; revised on 25 July; accepted on 5 August 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2025.24.2.0228 Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a rapidly evolving field, with a focus on fabricating organ and tissue constructs by layering organic materials, living cells, and biochemicals according to a given digital mode. 3D printing, also called Additive Manufacturing (AM), has the potential to be a technological revolution in the manufacturing industry. Some of the applications of 3D printing technology in plant science are bioprinting of plant cells, plant tissue cultured cell production, plant tissue culture lab-ware, production of plant secondary metabolites without plants, plant derived compounds for nozzle design, plant phenomics, plant phenotyping, ecological research, as a botany teaching tool, green bioprinting, and printing laboratory equipment. Plant bio-printing may improve understanding of plant shape and morphogenesis, and could serve for the mass production of desired tissues or plants, or even the production of plant-based biomaterial for industrial uses. Bioprinting is the ultimate and the most progressive step of engineering applied to plant cell culture. However, plant bioprinting may be difficult due to rigid plant cell walls, unlike animal cells that do not have a cell wall, although plant cells have a distinct advantage, totipotency, which allows a plant cell, under strict environmental conditions, to develop a tissue scaffold that serves as the precursor for an organ, and the whole plant itself, organogenic steps that are under strict genetic control. The culture methodologies of bioprinted plant cells could be assimilated to the culture of immobilized cells. Additionally, sustainable practices, and the potential impact of factors influencing 3D printing must be considered. Keywords: 3D printing; Prototyping; Plant tissue culture; Micropropagation; Light quality; Culture vessel design; 3D bioprinting; Bioink; Green plants 1. Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, is a method that uses computer- aided manufacture to stack materials, layer by layer, to form a monolithic three-dimensional entity [1]. Additive manufacturing technology has the advantages of reducing the consumption of raw materials, saving production energy consumption, reducing time costs, etc [1-10]. It has flexibility with regard to product production and is not limited by product shape and structure. Globally, 3D printing technology has been widely used in many fields such as manufacturing, construction [3], electronics, biomedical, aerospace, automotive, textile, plant science research and food