Chapter 9 Nano-enabled Soil Amendments: Revolutionizing Soil Health and Crop Productivity for Sustainable Agriculture Adewale T. Irewale, *,1,2 Elias E. Elemike, 1,3 Christian O. Dimkpa, 2 and Emeka E. Oguzie 1 1 Nanotechnology Research Department, Africa Center of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical Systems (ACEFUELS), Federal University of Technology, Owerri 460114, Imo State, Nigeria 2 Department of Analytical Chemistry, e Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States 3 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun 330102, Delta State, Nigeria * Email: irewale.adewale@acefuels-futo.org © 2025 American Chemical Society e global agricultural sector is facing a range of critical challenges that threaten its sustainability and productivity. ese challenges extend beyond soil degradation and suboptimal crop yields; many countries are struggling to sustainably meet the escalating food demands of their rapidly growing populations. Conventional agricultural practices, particularly the reliance on chemical fertilizers, have proven insufficient, due to not only their limited nutrient-use efficiency but also because of their detrimental environmental impacts. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising and innovative approach to improving crop production, particularly through the development of nano-enabled soil amendments. A substantial body of literature highlights the multifaceted benefits of this technology, including the enhancement of soil health and the more efficient delivery of nutrients, both of which are pivotal for improving crop productivity. Specifically, nanoscale amendments involve the incorporation of nanomaterials or particles into soil substrates or fertilizers, and offer several agronomic advantages. ey increase nutrient use efficiency (NUE), which reduces the need for frequent chemical applications and minimizes nutrient leaching and runoff. Additionally, nano- amendments can improve soil porosity and water retention, which help crops tolerate stress and adapt to challenging conditions like drought. Case studies from various regions globally confirm that nano-enabled fertilizers, especially when combined with biochar, can significantly increase crop yields. Furthermore, these technologies are generally considered more environmentally sustainable compared with conventional fertilizers. Despite these benefits, widespread adoption of nanotechnology in agriculture is hampered by socioeconomic and practical barriers, including limited infrastructure and accessibility. Overcoming these obstacles requires investment in research and development, supportive Downloaded via CHEVRON USA INC on October 8, 2025 at 19:10:59 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Thakur; Application of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Volume 2: Innovations in Pre- and Post-Harvest Crop Management ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC.