International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2025, pp. 4376~4386 ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4376-4386  4376 Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com A solar-powered autonomous power system for aquaculture: optimizing dual-battery management for remote operation Thomas Yuven Handaka Laksi, Levin Halim, Ali Sadiyoko Department of Electrical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Nov 6, 2024 Revised Jun 10, 2025 Accepted Jun 30, 2025 In Indonesia, growing fish consumption demands necessitate expanded, yet sustainable, fish production without sacrificing quality. The process of feeding and the quality of the surrounding water are important factors influencing fish quality. To address this, Parahyangan Catholic University's Fishery 4.0 project pioneers a unique technology that integrates water quality monitoring with a fish feeding feature. The design and implementation of an independent, reliable power module, which is fundamental to the functionality of this system, is at the focus of this research. This study shows that a designed power module adapted to the specific needs of Fishery 4.0 is feasible. The system powers all modules with a 12 V battery and is recharged with a solar panel. The battery can be charged to 95% capacity, yielding 8550 mAh from a 9000 mAh capacity. A UC-3906 charger IC controls the charging process, deliberately managing the parameters required for optimal battery charging. Particularly, when exposed to ideal solar radiation, the charger recharges a 9 Ah battery from 30% to full capacity in about 10 hours and 10 minutes. This study proposes a novel to battery management, which is critical for the operation of aquaculture equipment at isolated locations. Keywords: Battery management system Battery recharge Solar charger Solar panel Solar-powered autonomous system This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Corresponding Author: Levin Halim Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Parahyangan Catholic University Ciumbuleuit street No. 94, Hegarmanah, Bandung, West Java - 40141, Indonesia Email: halimlevin@unpar.ac.id 1. INTRODUCTION The increasing consumption of fish in Indonesia encourages the need for sustainable aquaculture that maintains quality while increasing production capacity. Implementing six interventions in Indonesian aquaculture can reduce environmental impacts by 28% to 49% per unit of fish, with more conservative production targets and sustainable farming practices recommended [1]. Floating net cages in Lake Maninjau, Indonesia, produce tilapia, carp, gourami, clarias catfish, and catfish, with gross yields of 12, 11, 5, 10, 4, and 8.89 kg/m 3 /cycle, respectively [2]. Inland aquaculture, particularly in Asia, has contributed the most to global production volumes and food security, with improved feed efficiency and fish nutrition [3]. To meet the increasing consumption demand, sustainable aquaculture practices are essential, focusing on maintaining high fish quality. Intelligent and sustainable fish farming uses the intelligent technology and high biosecurity to maintain high fish quality [4]. Increasing surface water utilization and controlling pond fertilization can lead to increased efficiency and resilience in aquaculture systems [5]. Adequate environmental monitoring are essential to ensure the growth and sustainability of marine fish aquaculture production [6]. Important factors that affect fish quality include feeding methods and water conditions, which are crucial for the success of aquaculture operations. The quality of fish feed affects the aquatic environment of