Open Acces Mauriduna: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2025 Page 442-462 DOI: 10.37274/mauriduna.v6i3.28 © 2025 by the authors; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 442 E-ISSN: 2797-0876 http://ejournal.mc.ac.id Fatwa Institutions and Digital Family Law: Online Marriage and Divorce in Indonesia (NU, Muhammadiyah, and MUI) Muhammad Fadhlurrahman Zakaria 1 , Zubair 2 , Ihwan Setiawan Umar 3 1,2 UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia 3 Al-Azhar of University Cairo, Egypt E-mail: muhammadfadhlurrahmanzakaria24@mhs.uinjkt.ac.id 1 , zubair@uinjkt.ac.id 2 , ikhwanumar782@gmail.com 3 Submission: 15-05-2024 Revised: 21-06-2025 Accepted: 22-07-2025 Published: 28-08-2025 Abstract This research was important as it addressed the controversial issue of online marriage and divorce from an Islamic legal perspective, a topic that became increasingly relevant with the state's consideration of digitizing marital administration. The aim of this study was to analyze whether online marriage and divorce fulfilled the legal and religious requirements in Islam and how the three major Islamic institutions in Indonesia—Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, and the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI)—responded to this practice based on their respective methods of ijtihad. This research employed a qualitative method with a literature-based approach, analyzing fatwas, scholarly texts, and relevant legal sources. The findings revealed distinct differences in perspective: NU considered online marriage invalid due to non-fulfillment of essential conditions such as the requirement of being in one physical assembly, while Muhammadiyah allowed online marriage if all pillars and conditions were fulfilled, including uninterrupted ijab and qabul. MUI adopted a moderate stance, recognizing online marriage under specific conditions including government recognition. In terms of divorce, NU and MUI considered it valid outside the court under certain circumstances, whereas Muhammadiyah required it to go through the court system. Keywords: Divorce, Muhammadiyah, MUI, NU, Online Marriage Abstrak Penelitian ini penting karena membahas isu kontroversial mengenai pernikahan dan perceraian secara daring dalam perspektif hukum Islam, yang semakin relevan mengingat adanya wacana dari pemerintah untuk mendigitalkan administrasi perkawinan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah pernikahan dan perceraian daring memenuhi syarat-syarat hukum dan agama dalam Islam, serta bagaimana tiga lembaga Islam utama di Indonesia—Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, dan Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI)—merespons praktik tersebut berdasarkan metode ijtihad masing-masing. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan, melalui analisis fatwa, literatur keagamaan, dan sumber hukum yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pandangan: NU menyatakan bahwa pernikahan daring tidak sah karena tidak memenuhi syarat kehadiran fisik dalam satu majelis; Muhammadiyah membolehkan pernikahan daring selama semua rukun dan syarat dipenuhi, termasuk ijab qabul yang tidak terputus; sedangkan MUI mengambil posisi moderat dengan mengesahkan pernikahan daring selama memenuhi beberapa syarat, termasuk pengakuan dari pemerintah. Dalam hal perceraian, NU dan MUI menganggap talak di luar pengadilan sah dalam kondisi tertentu, sedangkan Muhammadiyah mewajibkan proses perceraian melalui pengadilan. Kata kunci: Nikah Online, Talak, NU, Muhammadiyah, MUI