Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, Fall 2007
Exploring the Relationship between Destination Image & Brand
Personality of a Tourist Destination – An Application of Projective
Techniques
Girish Prayag
Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius
Received (in revised form): November 2007
Abstract
Destination image is a multi-faceted concept, but the measurement of its multi-
sensory elements has been largely ignored, and its relationship with brand personality
has been overlooked. Adopting a qualitative approach, this study explores the
relationship between destination image and brand personality, using projective
techniques such as word association, brand fingerprint and brand personification. The
paper contributes to lessen the gap on brand personalities of supra and sub-brands,
within an African context. A convenience sample of eighty-five international tourists
was interviewed at selected accommodation units in Cape Town. The findings reveal
that word association is an effective technique at uncovering positive and negative
cognitive images of a brand, but rather weak at identifying affective images. The brand
fingerprint technique is useful for identification of both cognitive and affective images,
as well as other sensorial images of a destination. This technique effectively establishes
a link between affective images and brand personality of Cape Town. The brand
personification technique revealed specific traits for the two brands, thereby
highlighting point of differences in positioning. Cape Town brand was perceived as
‘young’ and more ‘adventurous’ than South Africa brand, with imagery of the latter
anchored in tradition, cultural values and ethnic differences. These results emphasise the
importance of including a sensorial stimulation to better structure destination image and
brand personality, which highlight the usefulness of projective techniques. The findings
have implications for advertising, promotion, and positioning of tourist destinations.
Keywords: Destination image, brand personality, sensorial images, projective
techniques, Cape Town
Introduction
Over the last two decades, a number of meta narratives relating to destination
image formation and its operationalisation have been proposed (Chon, 1990; Echtner &
Ritchie, 1991, 1993; Jenkins, 1999; Gallarza et al., 2002; Pike, 2002; Tasci et al., 2007;
Tasci & Gartner, 2007). These meta studies suggest that destination image is complex,
relativistic, dynamic and include cognitive, affective, and conative components of
attitude (Gartner, 1993; Pike & Ryan, 2004; Tasci et al., 2007). This fascination with
destination image from academics and practitioners alike, is related to the impact of the
construct on consumer behaviour (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Destination images
determine the attractiveness of a destination (Chen & Hsu, 2000), influence destination
choice (Um & Crompton, 1990; Tapachai & Waryszak, 2000; Milman & Pizam, 1995;
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© 2007 Adnan Menderes University