International Contributing Editors & Editorial Advisory Board Miriam Amit, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Astrid Beckmann, University of Education, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany John Berry, University of Plymouth,UK Mohan Chinnappan, University of Wollongong, Australia Constantinos Christou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus Bettina Dahl Søndergaard University of Aarhus, Denmark Helen Doerr Syracuse University, USA Lyn D. English, Queensland Univ. of Technology, Australia Paul Ernest, University of Exeter, UK Viktor Freiman, Université de Moncton, Canada Eric Gutstein, University of Illinois-Chicago, USA Marja van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, Freundenthal Insititute, The Netherlands Gabriele Kaiser, University of Hamburg, Germany Libby Knott, The University of Montana, USA Jean- Baptiste Lagrange IUFM, Grenoble, France Stephen Lerman, London South Bank University, UK Frank Lester, Indiana University, USA Richard Lesh, Indiana University, USA Luis Moreno-Armella, University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth Claus Michelsen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark THE MONTANA MATHEMATICS ENTHUSIAST [ISSN 1551-3440] Vol.4, no.1, pp.1-137 Editor Bharath Sriraman The University of Montana sriramanb@mso.umt.edu AIMS AND SCOPE The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast is an eclectic journal which focuses on mathematics content, mathematics education research, interdisciplinary issues and pedagogy. The articles appearing in the journal address issues related to mathematical thinking, teaching and learning at all levels. The secondary focus includes specific mathematics content and advances in that area, as well as broader political and social issues related to mathematics education. Journal articles cover a wide spectrum of topics such as mathematics content (including advanced mathematics), educational studies related to mathematics, and reports of innovative pedagogical practices with the hope of stimulating dialogue between pre- service and practicing teachers, university educators and mathematicians. The journal is also interested in research based articles as well as historical, philosophical and cross-cultural perspectives on mathematics content, its teaching and learning. The journal is accessed from 94+ countries and its readers include students of mathematics, future and practicing teachers, university mathematicians, mathematics educators as well as those who pursue mathematics recreationally. The journal exists to create a forum for argumentative and critical positions on mathematics education, and especially welcomes articles which challenge commonly held assumptions about the nature and purpose of mathematics and mathematics education. Reactions or commentaries on previously published articles are welcomed. Manuscripts are to be submitted in electronic format to the editor preferably in APA style. The typical time period from submission to publication (including peer review) is 7-10 months. Please visit the journal website at http://www.montanamath.org/TMME Indexing Information EBSCO Products; Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); MathDI/MathEDUC; Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Norma Presmeg, Illinois State University, USA Gudbjorg Palsdottir Iceland University of Education, Iceland Linda Sheffield, Northern Kentucky University, USA Günter Törner, University of Duisburg-Essen , Germany Renuka Vithal, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Dirk Wessels, Unisa, South Africa Nurit Zehavi, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel