Calcrete ‘fossilisation’ of alluvial fans in SE Spain: The roles of groundwater, pedogenic processes and fan dynamics in calcrete development Martin Stokes a, ⁎ , David J. Nash b , Adrian M. Harvey c a School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK b School of the Environment, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK c Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK Received 9 May 2005; received in revised form 22 March 2006; accepted 22 March 2006 Available online 7 September 2006 Abstract Dryland alluvial fans developed along the northern flanks of the Sierra Lisbona in the north-western Vera basin (Almería region, southeast Spain) display negligible amounts of incision despite distal base-level lowering of N 30 m by the modern drainage network. The fans are of early-middle Quaternary age and are graded to a coeval river terrace, now isolated from the modern drainage network. The negligible incision is due to the encasement and ‘fossilisation’ of the alluvial fans by calcrete. This paper explores the reasons for such fossilisation and assesses the relative importance of pedogenic and groundwater mechanisms for calcrete formation within an alluvial fan setting. A single fan was selected for detailed examination. The geomorphological and sedimentological features of the fan, its catchment area and their relationship to the distal river terrace were documented. Qualitative and semi-quantitative petrographic and scanning electron microscope analyses of calcrete samples collected from transects across the fan surface, and within its distal top river terrace surface, enabled the style, pattern and relative timing of calcrete development to be assessed. Calcrete fabrics comprised initial micritic grain-coating cements, pellets and glaebular carbonate nodules, with interstitial spaces infilled by equant sparite and microsparite mosaics. It is proposed that the early phases of calcrete development were dominated by pedogenic processes with increasing groundwater calcretisation over time. Point count data indicated increased quantities of interstitial sparite and microsparite cement within near-surface proximal fan calcretes and at depth across the fan, suggesting that groundwater processes played a more important role in calcrete formation in these locations. The contribution of groundwater to calcrete development can be best explained by the intrinsic funnelling of groundwater from the catchment through the proximal fan head area, a zone where the fan gravels are thinnest. Calcrete ‘fossilisation’ appears to have followed a reduction in the fan catchment area as a result of rockfalls and watershed stream capture, which reduced water and sediment supply to the fan and enabled surface stabilization and calcrete development to take place. The reduced sediment/water supply, combined with calcrete fossilisation, appears to have protected the alluvial fans from regional base-level lowering. The implications of these results for existing pedostratigraphic models of calcrete development in alluvial fans are subse- quently explored. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alluvial fans; Calcrete; Carbonate soils; Groundwater Geomorphology 85 (2007) 63 – 84 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: mstokes@plymouth.ac.uk (M. Stokes). 0169-555X/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.020