PROOF Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Preface and Acknowledgements x Notes on Contributors xii Part I Implicature 1 Implicatures 3 Manfred Krifka 2 Changes in Activation Levels with Scalar Implicatures 16 Lewis Bott 3 A Large-Scale Investigation of Scalar Implicature 30 Petra Hendriks, John Hoeks, Helen de Hoop, Irene Krämer, Erik-Jan Smits, Jennifer Spenader and Henriëtte de Swart 4 Evaluating Under-Informative Utterances with Context-Dependent and Context-Independent Scales: Experimental and Theoretical Implications 51 Napoleon Katsos 5 Distinguishing the Said from the Implicated Using a Novel Experimental Paradigm 74 Meredith Larson, Ryan Doran, Yaron McNabb, Rachel Baker, Matthew Berends, Alex Djalali and Gregory Ward 6 Experiments on QUD and Focus as a Contextual Constraint on Scalar Implicature Calculation 94 Arjen Zondervan Part II Negation 7 Meaning and Inference Linked to Negation: An Experimental Pragmatic Approach 113 Ira A. Noveck v