the 16th Century," Jewish Quarterly Review 91.3-4 (2001): 293-336. -JOSEPH DAVIS EINHORN, IGNAC (1825-1875), rabbi, journalist, political economist, and politi- cian. Ignac Einhorn (who also published work using the initials J. E. or the name Eduard Horn) was one of the most versa- tile and talented Hungarian Jews of the nineteenth century. His great-grandfather had served as rabbi of Vag(ljhely, and his father, Gerson (1793-1883), a wool mer- chant, was for many years a community leader. Einhorn was tutored privately in a traditional but enlightened fashion. At 13, he attended the yeshiva of Yei).ezkel Banet at Nyitra (mod. Nitra, Slovakia). He later studied at Pressburg and for several months in Prague, while also receiving a gymnasium eduation. Einhorn was a precocious youth, well read in philosophy and rabbinical litera- ture. Like many members of the Jewish intelligentsia of his generation, he was caught between a career in the rabbinate or the free professions, which meant jour- nalism and medicine at the time. He ar- rived in Pressburg at age 16 and with the encouragement of Adolf Neustadt, the ed- itor of the Pressburger Zeitung, Einhorn started his journalism career in 1843 in Hungary's German-language papers. By the following year, he was contributing reports, book reviews (e.g., on Yehudah Alkala'i's Min/:lat Yehudah in Der Orient) and occasional essays on the history of Hungarian Jewry to the major Jewish weeklies in Germany. Einhorn returned to his hometown in 1844, married the daughter of the local dayan (preacher), and thereafter referred to himself as a "rabbinical candidate" with a decidedly Reform tendency. He planned to attend university in Germany, but nothing seems to have come of this intention; instead, he moved to Pest in 1845 to continue his studies. Einhorn contributed to the Pester Zeitung and occasionally to Hungarian- language journals. He threw himself fer- vently into Jewish public affairs, champi- oning educational and religious reform, Hungarian nationalism, and Jewish eman- cipation. He joined the Pest Society for the Dissemination of the Magyar Language among the Israelites (founded in 1844), was elected as one of its two librarians, and coedited with Marton Oiosy the soci- ety's Hungarian-language Elsa Magyar Zsid6 Naptar es Evkanyv . . . 1848 (First Magyar Jewish Calendar and Yearbook for the 1848 Leap Year). During the first months of the revolution, he expanded his political and historical analysis in his Zur Judenfrage in Ungam and entered the political fray in his Offene Antwort (Open Reply). Undoubtedly his most important journalistic efforts were given to editing and publishing Der ungarische Israelit, de- voted to the pOlitical, social, and reli- gious progress of Hungarian Jewry; it was the first Jewish weekly in Hungary. De- spite his fervent Hungarian nationalism, Einhorn's stance was much more ambiva- lent than is usually portrayed. Already in the mid-1840s, he had condemned Mag- yarization at the expense of more impor- tant issues, such as the dissemination of culture and education. In 1848, Einhorn chose to publish his weekly Der ungarische Israelit in German. Despite the notice that appeared in every issue that a Magyar-language Jewish jour- nal was in the offing, he realized that both readership and suitable contributors were lacking for such an enterprise. In the wake of the Easter pogroms in April 1848 and what he saw as the despicable policy of surrendering to anti-Jewish pressures on the part of the liberal government, he declared that Jews could expect nothing from Hungary and that their political sal- vation would only come-as had their spiritual freedom-from Germany. He supported the emigration society formed in May of that year, contemptuously dis- missing appeals to sentiment and blind patriotism as reasons for staying in Hun- gary. He also condemned Hungarian lib- erals who repeatedly found excuses for postponing Jewish emancipation; indeed, Hungary was the last country in Central Europe to grant Jews equal rights during the revolutionary years. A similar down-to-earth pragmatism and ambivalent skepticism characterized Einhorn's approach to religious reform. In 1847, he was invited to preach occasion- ally at the Reform services organized by youth in Buda. Einhorn became the first preacher of the Pest Reformgenossen- schaft, which had its genesis in the heady spring days of the 1848 revolution and was modeled along the lines of the radi- cal Reform Society in Berlin. Elected preacher, he was sent to Berlin in Septem- ber to observe Samuel Holdheim and his congregation firsthand. In November of that year, he published Grundprinzipien einer geliiuterten Reform im Judenthum (The Principles of an Enhanced Reform in Ju- daism) and at the end of May he pro- duced Reformalt izraelita vallaselvei (The Reformed Israelite Religious Principles), clarifying his views on religious change. In the summer of 1849, the Reform- genossenschaft received the approval of the revolutionary government to secede from the parent community, anticipating the communal schisms in Hungary a gen- eration later. In the mid-1840s, Einhorn had expressed reservations about Hold- heim and the Frankfurt radical society; he continued to voice his disapproval of ex- treme reforms in the early days of 1848. From the autumn of 1848, however, he became increasingly radical in both his religious stance and politiCS. He marked the liberation of Buda and celebrated the declaration of Hungarian independence with a firebrand patriotic sermon on 27 April 1849, "Kettos iinnep" (Ger., "Das Doppelfest"; A Double Festival), conclud- ing with a bleSSing for Magyar leader Lajos (Ludwig) Kossuth. With the approach of imperial troops, Einhorn abandoned the capital in the summer, applying in July for the post of army chaplain. It was in this capac- ity that he was promoted to captain, serv- ing under General Gyorgy Klapka at the Komarom fortress until its surrender. As an officer, he was granted amnesty, but al- most immediately was sought after by the Austrians. He fled to Prague, then arrived in Leipzig in March 1850, where he stayed for a year and a half. Einhorn con- tinued to write articles on Hungary for the liberal opposition German press, as well as entries in the Brockhaus Konversa- tionslexikon. He published in rapid or- der several books under the pen name J. Eduard Horn, as he was henceforth called, dealing with both history and cur- rent affairs in Hungary. Zur ungarisch- astereichischen Centralisationsfrage (On the Austro-Hungarian Centralization Ques- tion; 1850) surprisingly welcomed the imposed constitution of 4 March 1849 and affirmed a unified, centralized empire with German as the official language at the expense of Hungarian autonomy, as long as a cultured, liberal, constitutional monarchy would be instituted to respect the rights of all nationalities. Einhorn also published a study on the commander in chief of the Hungarian armies, Arthur Gargey (1850), establishing the general's image as a traitor; and a rather inaccurate portrait of Ludwig Kossuth (2 vols.; 1851). Einhorn studied philosophy, history, and economy at the University of Leipzig, where he submitted his thesis, "Spinoza's Staatslehre zum ersten Male dargestellt" (Spinoza on the State Exposed for the EINHORN, IGNAC 461