1 Contrast Ann. 1.9.4, where, reporting the view of those favourable to Augustus, Tacitus alludes merely to the semblance : ‘it was not as a kingdom or dictatorship, but with the name of princeps that the republic was ordered’ (non regno tamen neque dictatura, sed principis nomine constitutam rem publicam). 2 Millar 1973, 1984, 2000. Note, however, the response of Brunt 1982. JOHN RICH MAKING THE EMERGENCY PERMANENT : AUCTORITAS, POTESTAS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE PRINCIPATE OF AUGUSTUS The problem : Augustus’ unrepublican Principate Cuncta discordiis ciuilibus fessa nomine principis sub imperium accepit. He accepted everything, exhausted by civil dissensions, under his rule, with the name of leading citizen. Thus Tacitus, in the opening sentence of the Annals (1.1.1), encapsulates the paradox of Augustus’ regime. His power was mon- archical, but he sought to give it a republican guise, epitomized in the title princeps 1 . Having won supremacy over the Roman world by his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, Augustus devoted the rest of his long life to securing his power and assuring its continuance under his pre- ferred successor. Later writers were in no doubt that Augustus had established monarchy : Tacitus, for example, gave the point lapidary expression in the early chapters of the Annals, while Cassius Dio de- voted the greater part of Books 51-53 of his history to an extended demonstration of how the monarchy acquired at Actium was con- firmed by the settlement carried through in 27 BC. His contempo- raries also readily acknowledged Augustus as their ruler, as Millar demonstrated in classic papers 2 . Instances of such recognition can be found not only in the utterances of poets and provincials, but also in the preface to Vitruvius’ De architectura, a work probably pub-