Open Access Khokhar et al., 1:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.277 Review Article Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Open Access Volume 1 • Issue 5 • 2012 interactions [8,9]. Mutualism is an association among several species where all of them are beneited from this association [10]. Sometimes, it can be an obligatory relation involving close physical and biochemical contact between two organisms, such as those between plants and mycorrhizal fungi [5,7]. Commensalism is also a symbiotic interaction between two living organisms, where one organism beneits and the other is neither harmed nor beneited [11]. Biological interactions in which the population density of one species has absolutely no efect on the other are called neutralism [12]. In contrast, antagonism between organisms results in a negative outcome for one or both. Competition within and between species caused a decreased growth, activity, and/ or fecundity of the interacting organisms [8]. Biocontrol can occur when non-pathogens compete with pathogens for nutrients and sites in host plant. Direct interactions that beneit one population at the expense of another also afect our understanding of biological control. Parasitism is also a symbiotic relation in which two organisms coexist over a prolonged period of time [7,8,13]. In this type of interaction, one organism, usually the physically smaller (parasite) beneits and the other (host) is harmed. Another interesting contribution to biocontrol is when host infection and parasitism by relatively avirulent pathogens may lead to biocontrol of more virulent pathogens through the stimulation of host defense systems. Finally predation refers to the hunting and killing of one organism by another for consumption and sustenance. While the term predator typically refers to animals that feed at higher trophic levels in the macroscopic world, it has also Keywords: Plant disease; Mechanism; Biological control; Biotechnology; Sustainable Agriculture Introduction Plant pests including insects, parasitic weeds and pathogens are the most important biotic agents causing serious losses and damages to agricultural products. Plant pests need to be controlled to ensure food, feed and iber production quantitatively and qualitatively. Indiscriminate use of pesticide and fungicide lead to pollute the environment and cause serious efect to human health and non-target organisms [1]. hus there is a need to reduction or elimination of synthetic pesticide applications in agriculture is highly desirable. One of the most promising means to achieve this goal is by the use of new tools based on biocontrol agents (BCAs) for pest and disease control alone or to integrate with reduced doses of chemicals in the control of plant pathogens resulting in minimal impact of the chemicals on the environment [2]. Biological control of plant diseases has been considered a viable alternative method to manage plant diseases [3]. Biological control refers to the purposeful utilization of introduced or resident living organisms, other than disease resistant host plants, to suppress the activities and populations of one or more plant pathogens or reproduction of one organism using another organism [4]. A variety of biological controls are available for use, but further development and efective adoption will require a greater understanding of the complex interactions among plants, people and the environment. Interactions between Plants and Beneicial Microbes hroughout the lifecycle, plants and pathogens interact with a wide variety of organisms. hese interactions can signiicantly afect plant health in various ways [5,6]. Several forms of direct or indirect interactions between plants and microorganisms have been found such as mutualism, protocooperation, commensalisms, neutralism, competition, amensalism, parasitism and predation [7]. For the development of plant diseases it involves plants and microbes, the interactions that lead to biological control take place at multiple levels. From the plant’s point of view, biological control may be considered a positive result arising from diferent speciic and non-speciic *Corresponding author: MK Khokhar, Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001, India, E-mail: khokharmk3@gmail.com Received August 24, 2012; Published August 30, 2012 Citation: Khokhar MK, Gupta R, Sharma R (2012) Biological Control of Plant Pathogens using Biotechnological Aspects:- A Review. 1:277. doi:10.4172/scien- tiicreports.277 Copyright: © 2012 Khokhar MK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Plant pathogens are the most important factors that cause major losses to agricultural products every year. To minimize these losses peoples are dramatically used pesticide and fungicide that will cause toxic effect of human health. Thus, the need of sustainable agriculture will increasingly rely on the integration of biotechnology with traditional agricultural practices. Most sustainable and environmentally acceptable control may be achieved using biocontrol agents due to the effort to reduce the use of agrochemicals and their residues in the environment and in food. These BCA controlling plant diseases through various mechanism viz., hyperparasitism, predation, antibiosis, cross protection, competition for site and nutrient and induced resistance. Identifying, understanding and utilizing microorganisms or microbial products to control of plant diseases and to enhance crop production are integral parts of sustainable agriculture. Biological control has the potential to control crop diseases while causing no or minimal detrimental environmental impact. In this review, different aspects of biological control of fungal plant diseases including modes of action, application strategies, modern tools of microbial genetics or molecular techniques, which can use to improve the biocontrol activity, metabolites and products that could have important environmental beneits and outlooks, will be discussed. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens using Biotechnological Aspects:- A Review MK Khokhar 1 *, Renu Gupta 1 and Radheyshyam Sharma 2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001, India 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001, India