Ghanshyam Thori Indian History 1 Ancient Indian History Pre-Harappan Period Lower Paleolithic (600,000 – 60,000 BC) Hand axe & cleaver industries Pahalgam, Belan valley (U.P), Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, 16 R Singi Talav Middle Paleolithic (150,000 – 40,000 BC) Tools made on flakes Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Pushkar, Rohiri hills of upper sind Upper Paleolithic (45,000 – 10,000 BC) Tools made on flakes & blades Rajasthan, Parts of Belan & Ganga Valley (U.P). Mesolithic/ Microlithic (10,000 – 7000 BC) Parallel sided blades of chert, chalcedony, jasper, agate Bagor (Raj), Langhnaj (Guj), Sarai Nahar Rai, Chaopani Mando, Mahdaha, Damdama (U.P), Bhimbetka, Adamgarh. Neolithic (8000 BC – 2000 BC) Earthern pots Mehrgarh (Pak) Gufkral & Burzahom (J&K), Mahgara, Chopani Mando, Kodihwa in Belan Valley (U.P.) Chirand (Bihar). Chalcolithic (3000-900 B.C.) Distinct painted pottery Fire worship widespread. Cultures: Ahar culture (oldest), Kayatha, Malwa culture, Salvada culture, , Prabhas culture, Rangpur culture & Jorwe culture (newest). Copper Hoard Culture Harpoons, Antennae swords, Anthromorphs Gungeria (M.P-largest) OCP Culture (Ochre coloured pottery) Pottery with bright red slip & painted in black. All over gangetic plain with same regions as that of copper hoard culture. • Ahar people (Aravalli region) - distinctive black & red ware decorated with white designs. • Prabhas & Rangpur wares have a glossy suface due to which they are called lusturous red ware. • Jorwe culture (Maharashtra) - painted black on red but has a matt surface treated with a wash. Select Harrapan Cities (Chalcolithic Age) 1. Harappa [Dayaram Sahni] Great granary, 40 % of total seals found here; Seals usually made of steatite depicting elephant, bull, unicorn, rhinoceros; figurines - torso 2. Mohenjodaro [R.D Banerjee] “Mound of the dead”; largest of all cities; Great Bath; granary; city was flooded occasionally, figurines of yogi, bronze dancing girl, seal bearing Pashupati. 3. Lothal [S.R. Rao]. Earliest cultivation of rice; Fire altars 4. Kalibangan [A. Ghosh]. Fire Altars showing cult sacrifice; 5. Dholavira, [R.S. Bisht] 6. Banwali [R.S. Bisht] Fire Altars; 7. Mehrgarh Evidences of cotton;