Media Psychology, 16:7–38, 2013
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1521-3269 print/1532-785X online
DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2012.755877
The Effect of Embodied Experiences on
Self-Other Merging, Attitude, and
Helping Behavior
SUN JOO (GRACE) AHN
Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA
AMANDA MINH TRAN LE
Metaio, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
JEREMY BAILENSON
Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Immersive virtual environment technology (IVET) provides users
with vivid sensory information that allow them to embody an-
other person’s perceptual experiences. Three experiments explored
whether embodied experiences via IVET would elicit greater self-
other merging, favorable attitudes, and helping toward persons
with disabilities compared to traditional perspective taking, which
relies on imagination to put the self in another person’s shoes.
Trait dispositions to feel concern for others was tested as a mod-
erating variable. Participants in the embodied experiences (EE)
condition were exposed to a red-green colorblind simulation using
IVET while participants in the perspective taking (PT) condition
were exposed to a normal colored IVET world and instructed
to imagine being colorblind. Experiment 1 compared EE against
PT and found that EE was effective for participants with lower
tendencies to feel concern for others 24 hours after treatment.
Experiment 2 delved further into the underlying process of EE and
confirmed that a heightened sense of realism during the EE led to
greater self-other merging compared to PT. Finally, Experiment 3
demonstrated that the effect of EE transferred into the physical
world, leading participants to voluntarily spend twice as much
effort to help persons with colorblindness compared to participants
who had only imagined being colorblind.
Address correspondence to Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn, University of Georgia, Grady College
of Journalism & Mass Communication, 120 Hooper Street, Athens, GA 30602-3018. E-mail:
sjahn@uga.edu
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