International Research Journal of Finance and Economics
ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 69 (2011)
© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011
http://www.eurojournals.com/finance.htm
Analyzing the Philippines Inter-Regional
Market Integration for Rice
Cesar C. Rufino
School of Economics, De La Salle University – Manila
E-mail: cesar.rufino@dlsu.edu.ph
Abstract
This study examines the existence of the spatial market integration of the different
pairs of regional rice markets in the Philippines. By employing modern time series
econometric techniques, it uncovered compelling pieces of evidence of strong steady state
linkages of the various pair wise combinations of regional markets, with only an
insignificant few segregated routes. The main conclusion that was drawn from various
inference procedures undertaken in the study is that, despite the geographic segregation of
the regional rice markets, and the presence of fragmented and often inefficient distribution
system, price signals and other market information are being transmitted efficiently across
the markets, thus negating the potential occurrences of unexploited arbitrage opportunities.
Keywords: Spatial Integration, Rice Market
JEL Classification Code: Q13
1. Introduction
Being the major staple food of Filipinos, rice has perennially been occupying the center stage in every
administration’s agricultural modernization, poverty alleviation and food self-sufficiency programs.
Many government instrumentalities, spearheaded by the Department of Agriculture and the National
Food Authority (NFA) are tasked to ensure continuous supply of this strategic commodity at stabilized
prices all over the country. These agencies are also mandated to make farmers get the best possible
price for their produce. However, rice production and consumption in the country are characterized by
a great deal of seasonal and regional variability resulting in the occurrences of periodic surpluses and
deficits in the different regions, thus making the task of stabilizing prices, both at the farm level for
palay, and at the retail level for rice, truly difficult (Martinez, et. al. 1998). The problem is often
exacerbated by the generally fragmented and inefficient distribution and transportation systems (Intal
and Ranit 2001).
The need to continually move the surpluses from production areas to deficit consumption areas
in the most economical manner possible has been an ever-present challenge to the stakeholders of the
rice economy since the beginning of rice trading in the country. Over the years, trading patterns for rice
linking the different supply-demand areas have evolved, and distribution volumes consistent with
market directed prices and transfer costs have traditionally been followed by rice traders. The question
of how integrated the country’s regional rice markets are, to effectively reflect price margins and other
market information that would signal rice movements along traditional and non-traditional trading
routes has not been adequately addressed by analysts. Examining the extent of inter-regional market
integration, both spatial and across marketing stages will provide insights on the speed of traders’