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Available from URL: http:// www.tmag.tas.gov.au/workshop/proceedings.html. xxxx Guest Editorial xxxx xxxx 18.2 A novel approach for the rapid genetic delineation of provenance for minesite revegetation. Siegy Krauss, 1 John Koch 2 and Stephen Vlahos 3 . ( 1 Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, Fraser Ave, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia; and School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6907, Australia. Email skrauss@kpbg.wa.gov.au; 2 Environmental Department, Alcoa World Alumina Australia, PO Box 252, Applecross, Western Australia 6953, Australia; 3 Environmental Department, Worsley Australia Pty. Ltd., PO Box 344, Collie, Western Australia 6225, Australia.) [PEER REVIEWED] Key words: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, bauxite mine, jarrah, provenance, rehabilitation, seed collection zone, spatial autocorrelation analysis. The issue. Best practise in native plant community restoration identifies the importance of using seed sourced from the local provenance (Coates & van Leeuwen 1997; Mortlock 1999, 2000; Sackville Hamilton 2001, although see Wilkinson 2001 for an alternative view). Local genotypes may display a ‘home-site advantage’, such that non-local plants may suffer higher mortality and/or reduced vigour than plants sourced locally (Hufford & Mazer 2003). Mating between local and non-local plants may lead to outbreeding depression and genotypes poorly adapted to local conditions (Fenster & Dudash 1994). Alternatively, non-local genotypes may swamp a locally significant gene pool, leading to a loss of biodiversity (Sackville Hamilton 2001). Ultimately, the genetic integration of introduced material with local populations should be an objective of restoration efforts. Consequently, restorationists often ask ‘how far from my restoration site can I collect seed or other plant material before it becomes incom- patible with my site?’ Few guidelines exist to direct practitioners in seed collection strategies (Mortlock 1999, 2000). Although published guidelines provide good general principles, they fail to deliver accurate advice for individual species. A novel solution. When used in conjunction with published guidelines and information on the species biology, genetic markers provide a powerful approach for the delineation of a genetic provenance (Krauss et al. 2000). Numerous genetic markers are available to achieve this objective (Karp et al. 1998; Nybom 2004). Of these, one with particular utility is Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al. 1995). AFLP is a powerful DNA fingerprinting technique that has the features of a relatively wide sampling of the genome with minimal marker development time, and is sensitive to the detection of population genetic differentiation (Mueller & Wolfenbarger 1999). Here, we combine the power of AFLP with minimal sampling and a multi- variate spatial autocorrelation analysis (SAA) for a novel approach to the rapid delineation of local genetic provenance. Briefly, SAA assesses the similarity between samples for a given variable as a function of spatial distance (Sokal & Oden 1978; Epperson 1993; Diniz-Filho & Telles 2002). Results are presented graphically in a correlogram, which shows the genetic correlation as a function of distance. The distance where the correlation falls from a signi- ficantly positive relationship to a non-significant relationship can be considered to approximate a ‘patch’ size diameter (Diniz-Filho & Telles 2002), which is here interpreted as a local genetic pro- venance distance. A thorough description of the methodology can be found in Krauss and Koch (2004). Case study. This study was commissioned by Alcoa World Alumina Australia and Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd., who operate three bauxite mines in State forest in the Darling Range, 80 –180 km south-east of Perth, Western Australia. The current rehab- ilitation objective of both companies is to regenerate a stable Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest ecosystem planned to maintain agreed forest values, which include conservation, timber production, hydrology and recreation. A strong feature of the jarrah forest is the relative homogeneity of both the overstorey and the understorey species, with many common species having a continuous distribution over the entire extent of the forest (ca. 300 km north to south and 100 km west to east). Despite this, many species are difficult to collect locally in sufficient numbers, and have been prioritised as part of an ongoing program of provenance delineation. We present here results for two relatively common and widespread species, Xanthorrhoea gracilis (Slender grasstree) and Macrozamia riedlei (Zamia palm). For each species, one plant from each of 36 locations was sampled. Sam- pling involved the collection of plant material for DNA extraction and recording of geographic co-ordinates. Collection localities were approximately evenly spaced throughout a 110 km (north- south) by 50 km (east-west) area, within which the three mines occur. Linear geographic distances between pairs of locations ranged from 4–106 km, and averaged 42 km. DNA fingerprints