Two Models of Culture, Two Models of Toleration Jonathan Wald McGill University In contemporary political discussions we often hear the term “multiculturalism,” but the precise meaning of the term “culture” is far from evident. This paper will analyze cross-cultural toleration in light of recent developments within anthropology and sociology in order to better contextualize the discussion. The paper will begin with a brief description of how debates surrounding cultural relativism, despite their efforts to be sensitive to cultural difference, exemplify an outdated model of culture. After presenting a revised theory of culture based upon cultural apparatuses, I will show how this approach seriously problematizes a conception of tolerance that valorizes, irst and foremost, non-coercion or free, unforced action. I will then turn to a new concept of toleration based upon recognition and celebration, drawn from the work of Charles Taylor, and show how this model of toleration better deals with the new conceptualization of culture. Arguments for or against cultural relativism or toleration of cultural difference often depend upon lawed notions of culture. In Bernard Williams’ critique, cultural relativism arises out of “moral disagreements between societies” (Williams, 1972, 20). The basis of cultural relativism is “that ‘right’ means ‘right for a given society” (Williams, 1972, 20). I will not enter into the details of Williams’ argument here as it is only important to note that “society” and “right” are placed on the same level; each society 88