See: AI & Soc DOI 10.1007/s00146-013-0515-6 for published version User Perceptions of Anthropomorphic Robots as Monitoring Devices Stuart Moran, Khaled Bachour Mixed Reality Lab, University Nottingham, Nottingham, UK {firstname.lastname}@nottingham.ac.uk Toyoaki Nishida Nishida Lab, Graduate School of Informatics, Dept. of Intelligence Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, nishida@i.kyoto-u.ac.jp Abstract - The principle behind anthropomorphic robots is that the appearance and behaviours enable the pre- defined social skills that people use with each other each day to be used as a means of interaction. One of the problems with this approach is that there are many attributes of such a robot which can influence a user’s behaviour; potentially causing undesirable effects. This paper aims to identify and discuss a series of the most salient behaviour influencing factors in the literature, related to a number of robot attributes. A particularly novel aspect of this work is the study of robots as monitoring or data collection devices; one of several behaviour influencing factors which has received insufficient attention. As a first step towards this, the PSA matrix is produced, which visualises the relationships between system attributes and user perceptions, grounded in empirical evidence in the literature. This matrix highlights gaps in the literature, brings together a series of salient behaviour influencing factors for the first time and gives a clear view of the state-of-the-art. Keywords: Anthropomorphic; Data Collection; Matrix; Monitoring; Pervasive; Robotics; and Ubiquitous 1 INTRODUCTION With continuous advancements in artificial intelligence and reduction in costs of hardware; the reality of a world where humans coexist with robots approaches ever closer. Through ongoing social research, most major computer technologies have a clear set of design principles and methods for introducing technology successfully into the user market. In the case of robots, one direction being explored is the approach of a human-like appearance. Anthropomorphic robots attempt to make use of the well-defined social abilities that people use with on another day-to-day as a means of interaction. The benefits of this are that there is ideally very little ‘learning time’ required to interact with the technology, through a familiar and naturally intuitive interface. There are many different attributes of a robot which can help increase the perceptions of anthropomorphism, including facial features, physical expressiveness and emotions and personality. One of the problems with these attributes is that slight variations can cause a change in the way a robot is perceived and interacted with, including feelings of discomfort (e.g. Uncanny Valley (Mori 1970)). Such variations are not limited to human- robot interaction (HRI), but can also been found in other computer systems. Many such parallels exist in monitoring systems, such as CCTV and wearable computing. We argue that anthropormohic robots, by design, are inherently monitoring (or data collection devices), but unlike typical monitoring systems, have a unique embodiment and physical presence. In human-human relationships, there is evidence that shows how being observed can change behaviours, consider social facilitation effects (Woods et al. 2005a), or the infamous, but often contested, Hawthorne effect (Wickstrom and Bendix 2000). When we consider the ways in which robots can be anthropomorphised, questions start to emerge as to how their humanoid form might lead to similar data collection-based behavioural effects. Hence the