1 CHAPTER TWELVE AMERICAN OCCUPATION, MARKET ORDER AND DEMOCRACY: RESTRUCTURING THE STEEL INDUSTRY IN JAPAN AND GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II Θ GARY HERRIGEL Appeared in: Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel, eds, Americanization and its Limits: Reworking Management and Technology in Europe and Japan after World War Two, (Oxford University Press, 2000) Introduction Engagement with American practices and ideas in the post World War II period was different in Germany and Japan than it was in many of the other political economies considered in this volume because both were militarily-occupied countries. Thus, in addition to the diffusion (or in any case, incursion) of American industrial ideas, principles of organization and technologies by way of markets, scholarly and technical writings and elite circulation, American ideals were also imposed on Germany and Japan by military governors during the first decade after the war. By analyzing the process of restructuring in the steel industries in both occupied countries, this chapter will examine the complexity of the notion of “imposition” in the context of this military occupation. Its point will be that the American occupation dramatically changed