WARD MACRO.DOCX 8/11/2010 5:27 PM AN ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN VIETNAM AND A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO COMBATING THE PROBLEM Charles Tucker,* Kari Kammel,** Heather Lehman,*** & Elisabeth Ward**** International Human Rights Law Institute of DePaul University College of Law, Chicago, Illinois INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 438 I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................. 441 A. General Background ..................................................................... 441 1. Definition of Trafficking ........................................................ 441 2. Scope of the Trafficking Problem .......................................... 442 B. Demand For and Recruitment of Humans .................................... 443 1. Definition of “Demand” ......................................................... 443 2. Recruitment Methods ............................................................. 445 C. Trafficking Vulnerability Factors ................................................. 446 1. Gender .................................................................................... 447 2. Economic Status..................................................................... 449 3. Age ......................................................................................... 451 4. Awareness of Trafficking....................................................... 452 5. Specific Demand for Vietnamese Women and Children ....... 452 D. The Consequences of Trafficking to the Victim and Society ....... 453 1. Physical, Psychological and Social Impact on the Victim ..... 453 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 456 A. Background ................................................................................... 456 B. Vietnamese Domestic Law ........................................................... 457 C. Vietnamese Criminal Investigations ............................................. 460 D. Regional Law and Cooperation..................................................... 461 III. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COOPERATION ......................................... 463 A. Background ................................................................................... 463 B. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) ........................................................................... 464 IV. NORMATIVE POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS & LEGAL RECOMMENDATIONS 465 A. Ratify the UNTOC ........................................................................ 465 B. Amend the Penal Code to Specifically Define “Trafficking” ....... 465 C. Amend Penal Code to Introduce New Provisions ......................... 467 1. Provisions Regarding Age...................................................... 467