WATER AND BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES FRANCESCO MALLAMACE, 1,2 CARMELO CORSARO, 1 DOMENICO MALLAMACE, 3 H. EUGENE STANLEY, 4 and SOW-HSIN CHEN 2 1 Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Universit` a di Messina, I-98166 Messina, Italy 2 Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 3 Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell’ Ambiente, Universit` a di Messina, I-98166 Messina, Italy 4 William Fairfield Warren Distinguished Professor; Professor of Physics; Professor of Chemistry; Professor of Biomedical Engineering; Professor of Physiology, Center for Polymer Studies, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA CONTENTS I. Introduction II. The Two Dynamical Crossovers III. The Protein Glass Transition Crossover A. Neutron Results B. The Violation of the Stokes–Einstein Relation C. The Simulation Results D. About the FSC IV. High-Temperature Dynamic Crossover A. Neutron Scattering and MD Simulation Results B. NMR Results V. Conclusive Notes References Liquid Polymorphism: Advances in Chemical Physics, Volume 152, First Edition. Edited by H. Eugene Stanley. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 263