336 HUMAN ORGANIZATION Human Organization, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the Society for Applied Anthropology 0018-7259/13/040336-11$1.60/1 Introduction T erritorialization 1 has become a common strategy for state and non-state organizations for the pursuit of nature conservation goals (Vandergeest and Peluso 1995). By creating protected areas for conservation with increasing dependence on external funding and involvement of non-state organizations, this new form of state-making is becoming prominent and widespread, particularly in the developing world (Igoe and Brockington 2007). These initia- tives frequently engage much lauded private enterprise busi- ness and NGO partnerships for achieving objectives such as sustainable conservation and ecosystem remediation. The premise of protected areas is that the affected hu- man communities and populations must turn into people who agree with the value of conserving nature and becoming sustainable resource users. In the view of the neoliberal ap- Shio Segi is a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. He is also afiliated with the Department of Resource Management and Geography, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, the University of Melbourne. The research for this paper was undertaken with the support of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (grant # 410-2009-0234), and the Australian National University. The author is grateful to Anthony Davis, Angela Cincotta-Segi and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments in the development of the manuscript. He also expresses his sincere gratitude to the people of Boljoon, especially marine harvesters and MPA guards in Granada, and the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. for their kind cooperation and engagement. The Making of Environmental Subjectivity in Managing Marine Protected Areas: A Case Study from Southeast Cebu Shio Segi This paper documents and examines the attributes, contradictions, and conlicts that arise in creating environmental subjects in the management of protected areas. Drawing upon a case study of a marine protected area (MPA) located in the Philippines, the paper shows that even when the protected area is coercively imposed, many local villagers may become environmental subjects through direct and indirect participation in various activities. However, the material presented in this paper also demonstrates that their conservationist behaviors only persist to the extent that these behaviors do not conlict with locally embedded social values and practices. It suggests that being attentive to the development of environmental subjectivity while allowing more lexibility in MPA design and management is an important way forward. Key words: marine protected area, environmentality, small-scale marine harvesters proach for protected areas, rather than individuals using the resources in an unsustainable manner, they should realize that utilizing resources in a non-extractive manner is more ratio- nal for the public good, including economic and livelihood beneits. In this process, forming what Goldman (2001) calls “eco-rational” subjects is necessary work in order to control the population through a disciplinary process inluenced by globalized environmentalism. However, many people cannot become “eco-rational” subjects, and they are often simply displaced (Igoe and Brockington 2007). Thus in reality, governments or NGOs must employ another disciplinary process to include those who fail to be “eco-rational,” with the intention of creating “nature-loving allies in conserva- tion” (Li 2008:129) without emphasizing the maximization of economic rationality. Agrawal (2005) frames this requisite transformation and positioning of people’s ideology towards the natural environment as “environmentality.” Built upon the Foucaudian concept of governmentality, environmental- ity is comprised of “…the knowledges, politics, institutions, and subjectivities that come to be linked together with the emergence of the environment as a domain that requires regulation and protection” (Agrawal 2005:226). Agrawal (2005:164-165) argues that through the exercise of envi- ronmentality, there emerges environmental subjectivity that directs people to come to care about the environment; that is, “…[as] a conceptual category that organizes some of their thinking” and also “…[as] a domain in conscious relation to which they perform some of their actions.” Protected areas in general are vulnerable because of the unavoidable simpliication process of turning complex society