Journal of Education Research and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 2(9), pp. 135-142, September, 2013
Available online at http://www.apexjournal.org
ISSN 2315-8735 ©2013 Apex Journal International
Full Length Research Paper
Challenges and prospects of teaching selected work
skills (WSs) in primary schools: Experiences from
Iringa Region, Tanzania
Bryson D. Kinyaduka,
Department of Education and Teaching Management, Education University of Dodoma, Mzumbe University, Box 5
Mzumbe, Morogoro Tanzania. Email: kinyadukabry@yahoo.com
Accepted 26 August, 2013
The purpose of this paper is to explain the interpretation of the Work Skills (WSs); assess the WSs
teaching context in Teacher Colleges; assess the teaching-learning process in schools; identify
challenges of teaching work skills; identify outcomes of skills teaching and determine skill costs for
training a pupil. A multiple case study design was adopted. Data were collected using questionnaires,
interviews, observation and documentary review. The study found that interpretations on WSs varied;
WSs teaching was superficial and costs for teaching the skills were high. It is recommended that the
MoEVT: introduce joint WSs teacher training programmes to retrained and trained teachers.
Key words: Work skills, selected work skills (work skills).
INTRODUCTION
For a long time, there have been complaints that work
skills (WSs) as a subject in primary schools in Tanzania
is taught by teachers who are not well trained. This may
hinder achievement of the learning objectives of a given
subject. It is well known that the implementation of a
curriculum can not be independent from quality and
quantity of teachers (Ndala, 2006). However, in many
parts of the world the teachers who teach in schools are
under qualified (Korthagen, 2004). Furthermore, The
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (2001) asserts that
there is a shortage of teachers and incapacity to prepare
teachers to teach Work Skills, Music, Fine Art, Theatre
Arts, Physical Education, Agricultural Science, Technical
Education, and Home Economics. The Ministry of
Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) in Tanzania
understands the problem of lack of qualified teachers for
WSs, nevertheless the subject is still taught in primary
schools and Teacher Colleges. This situation casts some
doubt on the implementation of the curriculum. The noble
curriculum learning objectives, to make a class VII leaver
self-reliant, self-employable or even employable and/or
develop entrepreneurial traits (see URT, 1995; MoEC,
1996 and MoEVT, 2005) may not be achieved.
Indeed, WSs is not independent from the long-standing
philosophy of Education for Self-Reliance that was
launched in 1967 in Tanzania. That is to say a well
planned education always results in work, production and
self-reliance (Ishumi and Nyirenda, 2002). The purpose
of education at any level must be to make the graduate
secure a job, become a productive and self-reliant mem-
ber of society. Work Skills have the purpose of molding
pupils for outcomes of this kind.
Many studies have been conducted on the status of
WSs teaching in primary schools. Most of these studies
were more or less unfocused, and thus their conclusions
may have been vague (Mwasandube, 1999; Macha,
2007; Moshi, 2006; Kaiza, 2008). The studies have done
a good job on identifying the problems of teaching WSs in
a general sense, but did not suggest the solutions for the
problems. The current study provides a general picture
on the teaching of WSs as a subject and then focuses on
few selected skills to provide a clear image on the tea-
ching status of the selected skills. Also, it evaluates the
learning objectives of the curriculum to determine if they
are achieved, and it suggests solutions to challenges
facing the teaching of selected skills and the subject