I speak like the guys on TV: Palatalization and the
urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese
Ana Maria Carvalho
University of Arizona
ABSTRACT
This article investigates the sociolinguistic distribution of palatalization in Uru-
guayan Portuguese (UP), based on data collected in a bilingual town on the
Uruguayan–Brazilian border. It shows that palatalization of 0di 00 ti 0 has entered
UP as a result of recent urbanization, which has allowed greater reception of and
sensitivity to urban Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Following the tradition of variation-
ist studies, this study identifies internal and external variables that determine the
distribution of palatalization in the community, and argues that the groups that
acquire BP do so as a reflection of an urban orientation, different from the border
cultural and linguistic tradition. Qualitative data support the idea that this process is
indirectly accelerated by exposure to Brazilian television, which provides a linguis-
tic model for the groups that seek one. This is a new interpretation, in that previous
studies have claimed that UP, as an oral minority language, is monostylistic dialect
with no linguistic model.
Uruguayan Portuguese (UP) is a rural and stigmatized variety spoken in several
bilingual and diglossic communities along the Uruguayan–Brazilian border since
colonial times. It has coexisted with Spanish, the national language
1
and the one
preferred by groups of higher socioeconomic status, despite educational policies
and language planning aimed at promoting Spanish monolingualism over the last
two centuries. Lack of schooling in Portuguese and little access to written models
led previous studies to conclude that UP is a monostylistic, rural, and heavily
mixed dialect with no standard model (Behares, 1984b; Elizaincín, 1992). How-
ever, the present study suggests that recent urbanization of border communities
has allowed greater reception of and sensitivity to urban Brazilian Portuguese
(BP), the variety spoken in the neighboring country, which has caused local UP
to be pulled in the direction of the more prestigious variety. This tendency can be
seen through the incorporation of new phonological variants in the speech of
certain groups, which, by borrowing from urban BP, lead a linguistic change from
extremely stigmatized varieties of UP to urban varieties, which are close to an
ideal standard. Urbanization of UP, thus, entails a movement away from its rural
and hybrid origin, toward an assimilation of linguistic features that are stereo-
Preliminary versions of this paper were presented at the 2001 American Association of Applied
Linguistics and 2002 NWAVE meetings.
Language Variation and Change, 16 (2004), 127–151. Printed in the U.S.A.
© 2004 Cambridge University Press 0954-3945004 $9.50
DOI: 10.10170S0954394504162030
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