International Leisure Review Editor-in-chief CHIUNG-TZU LUCETTA TSAI, National Taipei University, Taiwan Editorial Board KARLA A. HENDERSON, North Carolina State University, USA FAN HONG, National University of Ireland, Ireland FRANCIS LOBO, Edith Cowan University, Australia LAWAL MARAFA, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ROSE-MARIE REPOND, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland RICARDO R. UVINHA, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil SELHAN OZBEY, Celal Bayar university, Turkey MALIGA NAIDOO, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa International editorial advisory board MING-KAI CHIN, HOPSports, Inc., USA YU-JEN WU, National Chung-Cheng University, Taiwan CARLOS VERA GUARDIAN, International Association of Sport and Leisure Facilities, Chile LUMINITA GEORGESCU, University of Pitesti, Romania MIKLOS BANHIDI, University of West Hungary, Hungary The International Leisure Review is the official fully refereed journal of Taiwan Leisure Association http://taiwanleisure.org.tw