How HONORABLE! HOW SHAMEFUL! A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MATTHEW'S MAKARISMS AND REPROACHES K. C. Hanson ABSTRACT The formulaic character of makarisms (or "beatitudes") and reproaches (or "woes") has long been recognized; but often commentators and translators have neglected to take these insights into account. Furthermore, their cultural and theological functions have been largely misconstrued. These forms are part of the word-field and value system of honor and shame, the founda- tional Mediterranean values; they exemplify the agonistic nature of Mediter- ranean culture. I propose the translation of "How honorable" for "Httf Ν and μακάριος, and "How shameful" or "Shame on" for ^ΙΠ and ovai. Linguistically these translations are confirmed by parallel terms, the antipodal character of makarisms and reproaches, as well as their literary contexts. This affects the interpretation of not only these words, but whole passages (e.g. Ps 112; and Luke 6:20-26). Matt 5:3-10 and 23:13-36 are examined here in light of their linguistic, cultural, and theological importance. Finally the function of these two text-segments is investigated in terms of their location and function within the first Gospel. INTRODUCTION One of the most recognizable passages in the New Testament is the opening of the Sermon on the Mount, commonly known as the beatitudes (Matt 5:3-12). These are customarily interpreted as Jesus' authoritative pronouncement of divine blessing on those who embody the listed char- acteristics. Some scholars have emphasized the eschatological nature of these formulas as promises. English translations, however, obscure the linguistic, and therefore the cultural and theological, distinctions between blessings and makarisms. 1 Corresponding to the makarisms, the interpretation of the reproaches (or "woes") in Matt 23:13-36 has been similarly misconstrued. Some have 1 This paper was first delivered in Portland, OR, on March 25,1990, to The Con- text Group: Project on the Bible in Its Cultural Environment. I would like to thank the members of that group for their suggestions, especially Jerome H. Neyrey, S. Scott Bartchy, John H. Elliott, Bruce J. Malina, and Vernon K. Robbins. David Seeley also of- fered helpful suggestions. -81-