International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 584 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org BASIC TECHNIQUES OF PHYTOREMEDIATION Shivendra Sharma 1 , Hardik Pathak 2 1 Department of Biotechnology, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2 Department of Biotechnology, JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India shivendra.sharma16@gmail.com hardikaeshu@gmail.com Abstract The rapid increase in population coupled with fast industrialization growth causes serious environmental problems particularly soil pollution. Farmers generally use fertilizers to appropriate soil deficiencies. Since the metals are not degradable, their accumulation in the soil above their toxic levels becomes an indestructible poison for crops. There are a number of conventional remediation technologies which are employed to remediate environmental contamination with heavy metals such as solidification, soil washing and permeable barriers. But a majority of these technologies are costly to implement and cause further disturbance to the already damaged environment. Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction or phytominig, Phytostabilization, Rhizofilteration, Rhizodegradation, Phytovolatilization is evolving as a cost-effective alternative to high-energy, high-cost conventional methods. These are considered to be a “Green Revolution” in the field of innovative cleanup technologies. Constituents amenable to phytoremediation include Pb 2+ ,Sr, Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Ni 2+, Zn 2+, Cr 6+, U, Sr. The plant affected soil environment can convert metals from a soluble to an insoluble oxidation state As, Cd, Cr 6+, Pb, Zn. Therefore, the process of remediation using micro-organisms represents a promising, largely untapped resource for new environmental biotechnologies. Keywords: Accumulation, Bioremediation, Heavy Metals, Toxic Phytoremediation 1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, public concerns relating to ecological threats caused by heavy metal (HM) have led to intensive research of new economical plants based remediation technologies. Conventional methods used for reclamation of contaminated soils, namely chemical, physical and microbiological methods, are costly to install and operate.[1] The rapid increase in population coupled with fast industrialization growth causes serious environmental problems, including the production and release of considerable amounts of toxic waste materials into environment . [2] Soil pollution or land pollution is major problem in the world. Soil pollution is results from buildup of contaminants, toxic compounds, radioactive materials, chemical compounds. The most common sources of soil pollution are hydrocarbons, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg and As), herbicides, pesticides, tars and PCBs. Industry is to blame for the biggest pollution disaster in the whole world. Heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As etc. are come from industrialized plants which are very much harmful for land and human being. High level of radionuclide like nitrogen and phosphorus can be found surrounding farm centers containing high population densities of livestock. Pesticides also soak into the soil and leaving lasting effects. Farmers generally use fertilizers to appropriate soil deficiencies. Fertilizers contaminate the soil with impurities, which come from the raw materials used for their manufacture. Mixed fertilizers often contain IJSER