NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY state policies just as had been done in Germany. The idea of “modernism from above” is a similarity between the two conditions and places in this case rather than a difference and runs counter to the East-West separa- tion that the former argument suggests. Apart from this assumption, however, the trope of translation works remarkably well in capturing the mode of the exchanges that were taking place between the two countries. On the one hand, things were literally translated continuously and painstakingly as Turkey sought to construct a national identity both through a national language and modernization, simultaneously connecting and disconnecting itself from the world in the hopes of forming a progressive and homogeneous national culture. On the other hand, the recognition that architectural ideas required ex- tensive transformation and were not directly translatable from one place to another or from the past to the present resulted in a sense of loss and melancholy for both Turkish and German practitioners. In response, architects such as Bruno Taut found that such feelings could only be offset by further engagement and transformation and through the con- struction of a cosmopolitan ethic. By making these conditions explicit, Akcan’s new tropes of translation, melancholy, and cosmopolitanism in architecture set the stage for future work on both this period and the post-World War II period. Burak Erdim North Carolina State University Duygu Köksal and Anastasia Falierou, eds. A Social History of Late Ottoman Women. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2013, xvi + 348 pages. Duygu Köksal’s and Anastasia Falierou’s edited volume A Social History of Late Ottoman Women is an important contribution to Ottoman and Turkish women’s studies. The articles in the book offer readers stud- ies of late Ottoman and early Republican women focusing on various themes such as class, education, art, the representation of women in print culture, and women’s biographies, and share a common concern to reveal female experiences as subjects of history. Köksal and Falierou promote the term “co-evalness” to emphasize that the women of the late Ottoman and early Republican eras experienced similar and contem- 212 Book Reviews