Accepted by M. Davis: 21 May 2013; published: 20 Jun. 2013 ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press Zootaxa 3681 (2): 101–135 www.mapress.com/ zootaxa/ Article 101 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3681.2.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:64984E2C-1A9E-4086-9D47-74C5D31A4087 Limits and phylogenetic relationships of East Asian fishes in the subfamily Oxygastrinae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) KEVIN L. TANG 1,14 , MARY K. AGNEW 2 , M. VINCENT HIRT 3,4 , DANIEL N. LUMBANTOBING 5,6 , MORGAN E. RALEY 7 , TETSUYA SADO 8 , VIEW-HUNE TEOH 9 , LEI YANG 2 , HENRY L. BART 10 , PHILLIP M. HARRIS 9 , SHUNPING HE 11 , MASAKI MIYA 8 , KENJI SAITOH 12 , ANDREW M. SIMONS 3,13 , ROBERT M. WOOD 2 & RICHARD L. MAYDEN 2 1 Department of Biology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA. E-mail: kltang@umflint.edu 2 Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA. E-mails: agnewmk@slu.edu (MKA), leiyangslu@gmail.com (LY), wood2@slu.edu (RMW), maydenrl@slu.edu (RLM) 3 Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. E-mails: hirt0021@umn.edu (MVH), asimons@umn.edu (AMS) 4 Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. 5 Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA. E-mail: dntobing@gwmail.gwu.edu 6 Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA. 7 Nature Research Center, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA. E-mail: Morgan.Raley@naturalsciences.org 8 Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Chiba 260-8682, Japan. E-mails: zacco_evolans@yahoo.co.jp (TS), miya@chiba-muse.or.jp (MM) 9 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. E-mails: vteoh@bama.ua.edu (VHT), pharris@bama.ua.edu (PMH) 10 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA & Tulane University Museum of Natural History, Belle Chasse, LA 70037, USA. E-mail: hank@museum.tulane.edu 11 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China. E-mail: clad@ihb.ac.cn 12 National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Research Center for Aquatic Genomics, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan. E-mail: ksaitoh@affrc.go.jp 13 Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. 14 Corresponding author. E-mail: kltang@umflint.edu Abstract The cyprinid subfamily Oxygastrinae is composed of a diverse group of fishes that has been taxonomically and phyloge- netically problematic. Their great variation in appearance, life histories, and trophic diversity resulted in uncertainty re- garding their relationships, which led to their historical classification across many disparate subfamilies. The phylogenetic relationships of Oxygastrinae are resolved based on sequence data from four loci: cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase I, opsin, and recombination activating gene 1. A combined data matrix consisting of 4114 bp for 144 taxa was compiled and analyzed using maximum likelihood and parsimony optimality criteria. The subfamily Oxygastrinae is recovered as a monophyletic group that includes Ancherythroculter , Aphyocypris, Candidia, Chanodichthys, Ctenopharyngodon, Culter, Distoechodon, Elopichthys, Hainania, Hemiculter, Hemiculterella, Hemigrammocypris, Hypophthalmichthys, Ischikauia, Macrochirichthys, Megalobrama, Metzia, Mylopharyngodon, Nicholsicypris, Nipponocypris, Ochetobius, Opsariichthys, Oxygaster , Parabramis, Parachela, Paralaubuca, Pararasbora, Parazacco, Plagiognathops, Pseudobrama, Pseudohe- miculter , Pseudolaubuca, Sinibrama, Squaliobarbus, Toxabramis, Xenocyprioides, Xenocypris, Yaoshanicus, and Zacco. Of these genera, the following were found to be monophyletic: Aphyocypris, Distoechodon, Hypophthalmichthys, Nip- ponocypris, Opsariichthys, Parachela, Paralaubuca, Plagiognathops, Xenocyprioides, and Xenocypris. The following genera were not monophyletic: Metzia, Hemiculter , Toxabramis, Ancherythroculter , Chanodichthys, Culter, Megalobra- ma. The remainder are either monotypic or were represented by only a single species. Four genera not examined in this study are provisionally classified in Oxygastrinae: Anabarilius, Longiculter, Pogobrama, and Rasborichthys. Key words: Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Oxygastrinae, phylogeny, systematics, taxonomy