Degrees of clause integration: from endotactic to exotactic subordination in Dutch 1 HANS SMESSAERT, BERT CORNILLIE, DAGMAR DIVJAK, AND KAREL VAN DEN EYNDE Abstract This article presents a fine-grained syntactic categorization of Dutch subor- dinating conjunctions, both simple and phrasal. By means of a hierarchical set of formal criteria, this article provides a detailed description of the syn- tactic behavior of 87 conjunctions with a total of 154 di¤erent readings. These formal criteria test the degree of dependence on the main clause pred- icator. The presence or absence of proportionality with paradigms of pro- forms is introduced as a fundamental criterion for syntactic analysis (Sec- tion 2). This concept is further refined by distinguishing between external and internal proportionality (Section 3). The possibility of clefting the sub- ordinate clause is applied as a syntagmatic criterion (Section 4) and corre- lated with the proportionality criteria (Section 5). The next step examines the possibility of fronting the subordinate clause (Section 6) and its rela- tion to the various clefting types (Section 7). Finally, the di¤erent correla- tion results are integrated into a hierarchically structured general overview (Section 8). In the epilogue, a first attempt is made at mapping the syntac- tic categorization elaborated in the body of the article onto the more gen- eral (semantic and functional) typologies of clause integration presented in the literature by di¤erent authors. This comparison wants to stress the general methodological applicability of the approach presented (Section 9). 1. Introduction 1.1. Approaches to clause combining Over the past decades, clause combining mechanisms have been the subject of intensive study. Within this area of research, the classifica- tion of subordinate clauses and (subordinating) conjunctions has played a prominent role. Roughly speaking, three major approaches can be Linguistics 43–3 (2005), 471–529 0024–3949/05/0043–0471 6 Walter de Gruyter Brought to you by | KU Leuven University Library Authenticated | 10.248.254.158 Download Date | 9/18/14 11:43 AM