Urban dynamics and multiple-objective programming: A case study of Beijing X.H. Yuan a , Xi Ji b, * , H. Chen b , B. Chen b,c , G.Q. Chen b a College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China b National Laboratory for Complex Systems and Turbulence, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China c State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Received 30 September 2006; received in revised form 5 February 2007; accepted 20 March 2007 Available online 2 April 2007 Abstract This study serves as a primary application of the integrated system dynamics and multiple-objective programming (ISDMOP) model for strategic planning of Beijing city, which is here divided into six subsystems as population, resources, energy, economy, environment and ecosystem, with the planning horizon spanning from 2003 to 2020. Comparison between the original system dynamics (ORSD) model based on the existing economic structure of Beijing and the opti- mized system dynamics (OPSD) model adjusted according to the solutions of the multiple-objective programming (MOP) are conducted. The developing trend of each subsystem is simulated and illuminated, based on which constructive suggestions are provided for urban strategic planning of Beijing. The ISDMOP model is proved effective for investigating urban dynamics and realizing the multiple-objective programming. Ó 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 89.70.Lm; 89.75.Fb; 42.65.Sf; 05.45.a; 02.30.Ik Keywords: Urban dynamics; Strategic planning; Multiple-objective programming 1. Introduction 1.1. Urban strategic planning Characterized by high level, multiple hierarchy and dynamical structure, cities are typical examples of ‘‘complex system’’ that are combinations of components acting together to perform specific objectives and have many unexpected and little understood characteristics [1,2]. As environmental–economic–social com- pounds, cities evolve along the life cycle of growth, maturity and stagnation, and behave according to the 1007-5704/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.03.014 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62767682; fax: +86 10 62754280. E-mail address: jixi@pku.edu.cn (X. Ji). Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1998–2017 www.elsevier.com/locate/cnsns