SVNY062-Garber May 25, 2005 22:16 CHAPTER ELEVEN Travel Patterns and Spatial Mapping in Nicaraguan Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) Paul A. Garber and Petra E. Jelinek INTRODUCTION Studies of foraging and ranging behavior in several primate species indicate evidence of goal-directed travel and relatively straight-line movement between distant or out-of-view feeding sites (Carpenter, 1934; Menzel, 1973; Altmann, 1974; Milton, 1980, 2000; Sigg and Stolba, 1981; Chapman et al., 1989; Garber, 1989; Gallistel and Cramer, 1996; Menzel, 1996; Janson and Di Bitetti, 1997; Janson, 1998; Menzel et al., 2002). Although in some instances group members may deviate from straight-line travel in order to monitor the pro- ductivity and phenological state of potential feeding sites or detour to avoid Paul A. Garber  Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Petra E. Jelinek  University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation, edited by Paul A. Garber, Alejandro Estrada, Mary Pavelka, and LeAndra Luecke. Springer, New York, 2005. 287