1335 Paula-Souza & Pirani • New combinations within the lianescent Violaceae TAXON 63 (6) • December 2014: 1335–1339 Version of Record (identical to print version). Received: 13 Aug 2013 | returned for first revision: 26 Nov 2013 | last revision received: 7 Jul 2014 | accepted: 21 Oct 2014 | not published online ahead of inclusion in print and online issues || © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2014 INTRODUCTION Calyptrion Ging. is one of four lianescent genera of Viol aceae. It is comprised of four species native to Amazonia (one species extending north up to Mexico), where they usu- ally grow along the margins of black water rivers (“igapós”). The large, longspurred and strongly zygomorphic flowers of Calyptrion make it a quite distinct genus within the Viol aceae vines. Recent phylogenetic studies (Tokuoka, 2008; PaulaSouza, 2009; Wahlert & al., 2014) have grouped Calyp- trion together with all lianescent genera of the family (Agatea A.Gray, Anchietea A.St.Hil., Hybanthopsis PaulaSouza), in a wellsupported “lianescent clade” (90% MP bootstrap, 94% ML LRELW, 1.0 BI posterior probability, Wahlert & al., 2014), in sharp contrast to the previous traditional classifica- tion (Melchior, 1925a, b), which placed these genera in two different subtribes on the basis of floral morphology. Subtribe Violinae comprised Anchietea and Calyptrion due to the pres- ence of a welldeveloped spur at the base anterior petal, and subtribe Hybanthinae comprised Agatea and Hybanthopsis, based on a merely saccate anterior petal. The intraclade rela- tionships within this lianescent clade are still unclear, though. The available studies suggest that Agatea and Anchietea are each monophyletic, but the results for Calyptrion and the posi- tion of Hybanthopsis in relation to the remaining genera are controversial, the former merging as paraphyletic in relation to Agatea in some analyzes (PaulaSouza, 2009; PaulaSouza & Pirani, 2014). The name Calyptrion has priority over Agatea, if such condition is eventually confirmed in the future. Until recently, Calyptrion has never been subject to a taxo- nomical revision and the application of names of its species and accurate identification of specimens was very problematic, given the extreme morphological variability observed in some species, and that the only related literature available came from local Floras such as works by Eichler (1871), Baehni & Weibel (1941), Smith & FernándezPérez (1954). A recent taxonomi- cal study of the Neotropical lianescent genera of Violaceae (PaulaSouza, 2009) detected some overlooked historical data concerning the generic name Calyptrion which erroneously led to the use of Corynostylis as the accepted name. This study therefore aims the reestablishment of the name Calyptrion and to make the new combinations from Corynostylis, with a com- plete nomenclatural revision of the binomials ever applied for this genus, some of which require lecto or neotypification. For the four names in which a neotype is selected, Calyptrion hybanthus (Schult.) Millsp. (≡ Ionidium hybanthus Schult.), Calyptrion citrifolium Ging., Calyptrion berteroi Ging., and Corynostylis loeflingii Spreng., original material was unable to be located. NOMENCLATURAL TREATMENT Calyptrion Ging. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve 2(1): 28, t. 2, fig. 1. Jan–Apr 1823 – Type (designated here): Calyp- trion aubletii (G.Mey.) Ging. (= Calyptrion arboreum (L.) PaulaSouza). = Corynostylis Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 25, t. 17, 18. late 1823 or Jan–Feb 1824 (“1824”), syn. nov. – Type: Corynostylis hybanthus (Schult.) Mart. (≡ Ionidium hybanthus Schult.). The first reference to the name Calyptrion is found in “Mémoir sur la Famille des Violacées” (Gingins, 1823). In this work, Gingins provided a diagnosis for Calyptrion in the con- spectus of genera (p. 28). The author did not list any species of Calyptrion, but mentioned (p. 5) that the new genus cor - responded to Aublet’s Viola hybanthus (Aublet, 1775), where a description and detailed illustration of the plant was provided (see more comments in Calyptrion arboreum). Gingins further noted (p. 5) that due to their natural characters and habit, such plants were worthy of being considered a distinct genus. By Reestablishment of Calyptrion (Violaceae) Juliana de Paula-Souza & José Rubens Pirani Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, R. do Matão 277, Herbário SPF, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Author for correspondence: Juliana de Paula-Souza, jupsouza@gmail.com ORCID: JPS, http://orcid.org/0000000177391634 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/636.7 Abstract Recent revisionary studies on the Neotropical lianescent genera of Violaceae revealed that Calyptrion Ging. is a validly published earlier name for Corynostylis Mart., with species distributed in Amazonia and Central America. The species in the genus are reevaluated and four new combinations are effected, Calyptrion arboreum, C. carthagenense, C. pubescens, and C. volubile. Other nomenclatural issues, including typifications and synonymy, are also discussed. Keywords Agatea; Corynostylis; Calyptrion; Calyptrion arboreum; Calyptrion carthagenense; Calyptrion pubescens; Calyptrion volubile; Hybanthopsis; lianescent Violaceae; Violaceae lectotypes; Violaceae nomenclature