Volume 5 • Issue 5 • 1000203 J Veterinar Sci Technolo ISSN: 2157-7579 JVST, an open access journal Open Access Research Article Veterinary Science & Technology Parrah et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000203 Keywords: Indwelling urethral catheterization; Tube cystostomy; Urolithiasis Introduction Urolithiasis in India presents an important economic repercussion where cattle-based agriculture is strongly linked with the livelihood of an important segment of the population. In India, urolithiais has been commonly reported in bullocks [1], while in Kashmir valley urolithiasis is most prevalent among cow calves below 1 year of age [2]. Treatment of obstructive urolithiasis has been found to vary depending upon clinical status of the animal and duration of obstruction [3,4]. Medical treatment has been described with marginal success in relieving the obstruction during early stages of the disease [5]. However, once urethral obstruction is complete, surgical intervention becomes warranted [6,7]. he diferent surgical interventions employed for the management of obstructive urolithiasis in cattle are aimed either at urolith removal for normal urine low establishment or for urinary diversion to allow the time for the urinary tract to restore patency. he choice of procedure depends on the extent of tissue damage secondary to the obstruction, the value of the animal, and the owner’s expectations for continued use of the animal [8]. Diferent surgical interventions envisaging urethral obstruction removal for establishment of normal urine low and urinary diversion techniques, in conjugation with supportive treatments like peritoneal lavage, urine acidiiers and urinary antiseptics, are employed for the management of urethral obstruction in cattle. he surgical techniques include penile transaction with urethral istulation [9], cystic catheterization [10], pelvic urethrotomy [11], percutaneous tube cystostomy [12] and bladder marsupialization [13]. Perineal urethrotomy and urethrostomy techniques have poor long-term outcome, because of stricture formation of urethrotomy/urethrostomy site, which leads to repeat urethral obstruction [6]. Urinary diversion techniques (ante - pubic urethrostomy) are unsuitable for breeding animals [6,14]. Bladder marsupialisation has been associated with extensive urine scalding problems; stoma stricture and bladder prolapse through the istula site [13,15]. Recurrent urolithiasis, calculi at multiple sites, badly damaged urethra, atonic bladder or severe cystitis are the common complications that may ensue in failure of surgical management of obstructive *Corresponding author: Mohsin Ali Gazi, Division of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Tel: 0191- 2262134-133, extn 13; E-mail: mohsingazi9975@gmail.com Received March 04, 2014; Accepted November 25, 2014; Published November 28, 2014 Citation: Parrah JD, Moulvi BA, Ali Gazi M, Makhdoomi DM, Athar H, et al. (2014) Evaluation of Different Surgical Techniques for the Management of Bovine Obstructive Urolithiasis. J Veterinar Sci Technol 5: 203. doi:10.4172/2157- 7579.1000203 Copyright: © 2014 Parrah JD, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Thirty clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in cattle calves were managed by three surgical techniques i.e., tube cystostomy with polyvinyl chloride catheter (group AI), tube cystostomy with Foley’s catheter (group AII) and cystostomy with indwelling urethral catheterization (group B). All the animals were given litholytic agents, anti- inlammatory drugs, antibiotics and urine acidiiers postoperatively. These surgical techniques were evaluated on the basis of time taken for each kind of surgery, initiation/free low of urine, removal of catheters following free low urination, postoperative complications and overall success rate. Tube cystostomy with Foley’s catheter was found the quickest and easiest technique. The median time of onset of free low of urine from the external urethral oriice in the animals of group AI and AII was 9 days with the range of 4-12 and 5-13 days respectively. The main post- operative complications recorded include: catheter dislodgement (one animal each in all the groups), catheter loss (one animal each in group AI and B), catheter blockade (one animal each in group AI and B and 3 animals in group AII), and urethral rupture (one animal in group AI and 2 animals in group AII). The survival rate was higher in the animals of group A; however the recovery rate without post-operative complications was higher in the animals of group B. Evaluation of Different Surgical Techniques for the Management of Bovine Obstructive Urolithiasis Parrah JD, Moulvi BA, Mohsin Ali Gazi*, Makhdoomi DM, Athar H, Hamadani H and Khan QA Division of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India urolithiasis. Tube cystostomy, documented by earlier researchers [16] and cystostomy with indwelling urethral catheterisation provide an alternative surgical technique in the management of obstructive urolithiasis. Tube cystostomy though reportedly successful in small ruminants [17], yet the scanned literature indicates its lack of application in large ruminants especially in cattle. Cystostomy with indwelling urethral catheterisation occasionally being performed in individual cases at this institute has not been evaluated in a controlled study and neither is depicted in literature. herefore, these surgical procedures can form alternative techniques for the management of obstructive urolithiaisis. Being in infancy stages, these techniques need to be evaluated in more number of clinical cases before their recommendation for routine ield use. hus keeping in view the high incidence, heavy economic losses, high treatment and management cost, the present study was undertaken to develop an economical and easy technique for the management of obstructive urolithiasis in cattle. Besides an attempt was made to simplify the conventional tube cystostomy by replacing the Foleys catheter with simple polyvinyl chloride tubing for smooth application in the ield. Materials and Methods hirty male cattle calves, sufering from complete retention of