ABSTRACT
This paper examines the underlying factors
that affected perceived value among South
Korean tourists who visited the North
Korean Mt Kumgang resort. Results
identified emotional, functional and
economic values as core elements that
directly affected guest satisfaction, which
influenced intentions to recommend and
revisit. Seen as a peace tourism site when
the Sunshine Policy of rapprochement
guided inter-Korean strategy, we argue that
the resort project is a heterotopia of
comparison combining idealized cultural
and contradictory political spaces in one
place. Understanding this needs Korean
ideas that lead to a thanatourism with an
indigenous perspective, which is applicable
to other non-Western thanatourism-like
sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
Received 3 January 2010; Revised 30 June 2010; Accepted 29
December 2010
Keywords: thanatourism; peace tourism;
heterotopia; perceived value; Korean
Peninsula.
INTRODUCTION
I
n 2008, armed security personnel patrolled
the boundaries of the Mt Kumgang resort
in the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea (North Korea). During that year, a
North Korean soldier shot and killed a mid-
dle-aged female tourist from the Republic of
Korea (South Korea) who had strayed into a
forbidden area near to the resort (Kim, 2009).
This tragedy stresses the complexity sur-
rounding this resort that North Korea has
labelled as a special tourism zone and the
South Korean Hyundai Asan corporation has
developed and managed. This paper provides
analysis of data collected shortly before the
resort closed following the shooting. Although
previous research saw it as peace tourism and
as an economic integration project (Yu and
Chung, 2001; Cho, 2007; Kim et al., 2007),
recent events need a fresh assessment of Mt
Kumgang. We argue this occurs at a conver-
gence of the Korean ideas of haan and Han
(Son, 2000; Min, 2009), heterotopias of com-
parison (Foucault, 1986) and thanatourism
(Seaton, 2010).
In 1998, under a ‘Sunshine Policy’ doctrine
for improving inter-Korean relations, the South
Korean government announced measures that
stimulated economic cooperation, allowed
South Korean companies to invest in North
Korea and for their business executives to visit
the North. It was in this political context that
Hyundai chairman Ju-young Chung confirmed
the agreement with North Korea on the Mt
Kumgang tourism resort. When the destina-
tion opened to non-North Koreans in 1998,
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH
Int. J. Tourism Res. 14, 71–90 (2012)
Published online 11 February 2011 in Wiley Online Library
(wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/jtr.836
Thanatourism or Peace Tourism:
Perceived Value at a North Korean
Resort from an Indigenous Perspective
Choong-Ki Lee, Lawrence J. Bendle, Yoo-Shik Yoon and Myung-Ja Kim
College of Hotel and Tourism, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
*Correspondence to: Choong-Ki Lee, PhD, Professor,
College of Hotel and Tourism, Kyung Hee University, 1,
Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701 South Korea.
E-mail: cklee@khu.ac.kr