173 8 FIELD EXPERIMENTS, INTRODUCTIONS, AND EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION A Review and Practical Guide Duncan J. Irschick and David Reznick METHODS FOR FIELD MANIPULATIONS Replacement Methods Live Animal Introductions WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM FIELD EXPERIMENTS THAT WE CANNOT LEARN FROM LABORATORY STUDIES? Mechanisms of Population Establishment Rapid Evolution Natural and Unnatural Habitat Alterations CONCLUSION Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments, edited by Theodore Garland, Jr., and Michael R. Rose. Copyright © by the Regents of the University of California. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. Garland_ch08.qxd 8/3/09 2:00 PM Page 173