104 Copyright © 2015, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Chapter 4 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-7278-9.ch004 Emotions and Social Evolution: A Computational Approach ABSTRACT Emotion and social processes are evolutionarily intertwined. In this chapter, the authors present their TPR, TPR 2.0 and The Game of Emotions simulations along with the justification of necessary ideas in order to achieve the next level of research. This chapter describes a defense of the epistemological value of computer simulations for the analysis of emotions and social interactions. Finally, the elements of the model are described and defined with a sketch of the basic control algorithm. 1. WHY DO WE NEED ARTIFICIAL EMOTIONS? Living entities increase their range of possible interactions and behavior according to the com- plexity of their embedded information processing systems, which reached a maximum level with the emergence of central nervous system and brain. Encephalization, adjusted by the Encephaliza- tion Quotient (EQ), understood by early modern researchers, was cognition at a high capacity of cognitive tasks, situating symbolic thinking at the top of possible brain performances. Leading in- telligence, symbolic thought and encephalization considered as correlated variables. In this model, emotions had no place or role, but were even considered noisy or fuzzy elements that should be minimized or avoided. What we learned is that all these ideas were incorrect, at least in that naïve form. First, cognition not only happens into the brain, but there are morphological constraints that affect and direct cognition; second, extended cognitive processes are at the core of the cogni- tion and make possible to understand how brains evolved towards the use of symbolic elements fol- lowing auxiliary elements like external memories or graphical notations for better visualization; and finally, emotions have demonstrated to play a determinant role in the cognitive processes. This has proven valid for any cognitive system emerged from natural evolution, and consequently, for human beings. D. Casacuberta Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain J. Vallverdú Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain