1 А. В. Кравчеɧкɨ (ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) ɈȻɔЕɄɌɂȼɇɕɃ ɊЕȺɅɂɁɆ ɂ ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂə ɉɈɁɇȺɇɂə: ЭɉɂɋɌЕɆɈɅɈȽɂЧЕɋɄɂɃ ɉɈȼɈɊɈɌ Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ : Ⱦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɳɟɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ -ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɜ ɢɫ- ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɟɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ : ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɠɢɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɹɡɵɤ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ Abstract : The common epistemological assumptions of first-generation cognitive sci- ence are criticized; rooted in external realism, they preclude any noticeable progress in the study of the nature of language. It is important that language be viewed as a specific dynamic feature of a living system that determines its cognitive development. This calls for an episte- mological turn – a transition to new epistemological assumptions concordant with the biology of language and cognition. Keywords : linguistic theory, methodology, livings system, language, mind. 1. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫ яɡɵɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ [ɫɦ. Ʉɪɚɜɱɟɧɤɨ 2009] ɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ – ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ – ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɭ- ɤɢ), ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ: «ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ ɭɫɬɪɨ- ɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧ, ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ» ДSОКrХО 1998: 32Ж. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɡɚ- ɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɨɛ- ɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɭɥɶɝɚɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦ, ɩɭɫɬɢɜɲɢɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɇɌɊ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɱɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ», ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ. ɗɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɡɚɞɚ- ɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞ- ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-