WORKING PAPERS IN EVOLUTIONARY GOVERNACE THEORY governancetheory.com This chapter is published by Springer in the book Evolutional Governance Theory: An introduction. Please cite as: Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M. (2014) Evolutional Governance Theory : An introduction. Springer Briefs in Economics. Springer International Publishing: Heidelberg. http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319009834 Chapter 5: Seeing, Making and Distributions Things Kristof Van Assche 1,2 , Raoul Beunen 2,3 & Martijn Duineveld 2 1 University of Alberta, Canada, 2 Wageningen University, The Netherlands 3 Open University, the Netherlands Abstract: In this chapter we investigate the construction of subjects and objects in governance paths, the inclusion of those in policies and plans, and their impact via implementation. Implementation is understood as a process, and policies are considered temporary constructs coordinating power/knowledge, but continuously affected by other power/knowledge configurations. 5.1 Object formation and subject formation The actor/institution configurations in governance paths produce many things. First of all they produce actors and institutions (Van Assche, Duineveld, et al., 2011; Foucault, 1994a). Some actors are formed in governance and others enter it. Some exist as organizations or individuals with a specific interest before any involvement in collective decision- making; others did not. Even those groups and individuals interested in certain goals and topics, canŶot ďe ĐoŶsidered aĐtors ďefore iŶĐlusioŶ iŶ goǀerŶaŶĐe. OŶĐe these organizations or individuals are included as actors, they are also transformed in and through the interactions with other actors and the institutional configurations. New actors that are formed within governance can emerge in various ways: existing elements in society can be assembled around a common goal at the instigation of other actors, or in response to the actions of others. The outcomes of governance can be observed in a positive or negative way in the social environment and cause some to engage themselves in governance. The lack of certain outcomes can have the same effect. Internal discussions within actors in governance can lead to segments feeling alienated and either withdrawing from participation within the actor (thus further changing it) or to segments becoming involved separately, therewith creating a new actor (Van Assche, 2007; Van Assche, Bell, & Teampau, 2012).