The House 8 post-occupational assemblage is unique in that it represents a rapid deposition of artifacts. The artifacts, including tobacco pipes, are largely complete vessels. One interpretation of the deposit is that it represents an act of “forgetting,” or a disposal of the personal belongings of a deceased individual. Whether in every day use or in the experience of a funeral wake, tobacco and tobacco pipes were an integral material part of life for 19 th and early 20 th century islanders. • Pipes and Tobacco were consumed by men, women, and children of all ages. • Tobacco consumption peaked during the 19 th century and gradually tapered off after the first quarter of the 20 th century. • Harp: Used by The Society of United Irishman in the 1798 rebellion, it became a symbol of Irish Colonial Resistance during the 19 th century. • Charles Parnell (1846-1891) - Nationalist who led the struggle for Irish home rule in the 1880's. • “43”- In 1843 (“repeal year”), Daniel O’Connell is said to have gathered 1,000,000 people at the Hill of Tara. • 19 th and early 20 th century wakes took place in the home of the deceased or deceased’s family. • The wake consisted of 1-3 nights of celebration and memorialization, in effect, bringing the community together in a ritual of social solidarity. • During the wake, mourners partook of food and drink offered by the family and engaged in ‘wake games.’ Stories were exchanged in constructing the collective memory of the deceased community member. “An Irish Wake” – Harpers Weekly March 15, 1873. From a sketch by M. Woole. Materialized Mourning: House wakes and pipe use on Inishark and Inishbofin, Co. Galway, Ireland Sara Morrow, Ian Kuijt, and Katie Shakour • Cultural Landscapes of the Irish Coast (CLIC) project explores all aspects of anthropological archaeology on islands off the western coast of Ireland. • CLIC project in operation from 2006 – 2015. • During 2014, CLIC continued excavations of House 8, a post-1820’s residential structure in the historic fishing village on Inishark. • Inside the 5 x 9m sod and stone house was a large deposit of nearly complete spongeware and transfer print ceramics, glass vessels, and white clay pipes. Background Inis Oirr, Aran Islands. From Ireland’s Western Islands. John Carlos. Inishbofin Inishark Research Questions and Methodology House 8 Excavation: Stone Wall Foundation and Post-Occupation Artifacts • Research focuses on pipe assemblage from House 8. • Most pipes deposited in House 8 post-occupation. • Investigates post-occupation materials “dumped” into abandoned sod house as the result of a process of social remembering and forgetting. • Compares House 8 post-occupational assemblage with all other pipes recovered from CLIC projects on Inishark and Inishbofin. • Interprets the historic every day use, manufacture, and integration of tobacco pipes into funeral wakes. • Galway factory featured typical bowl diameters between 2.9cm and 3.2cm. All other pipe bowl diameters measured less than 2.8cm. • Of 23 pipes with rim decoration, 8 (35%) were identified as “Hynes Galway” pipes, suggesting a correlation between rim decoration and the Hynes Factory. • Total of 62 pipe fragments from 4 sites on Inishark and 4 sites on Inishbofin. Bowl Decoration Bowl Attributes Bowl Decoration Only Decoration "Hynes" "Galway" Other Stem Decoration (Vine, Dots, lines) "B & B" "SGOW" (possibly Glasgow) Molded Bowl Rim (Vertical Lines) "43" w/vines 1 1 "43" 5 5 1 11 "Hynes Maker Galway" 1 1 "West Galway" 1 1 1 "Connaught" 1 1 "WIN" "BLIN" (Dublin) 1 1 "Dublin" Oval 1 "L" Crown 1 1 Undecorated 1 3 1 1 4 Stem Attributes 1 1 1 4 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1.5 2 2.6 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 Bowl Diameter in Centimeters House 8 Pipe Bowl Diameters 3 11% 6 22% 18 67% Total Assemblage of Tobacco Pipes Excluding House 8 4 12% 5 14% 4 12% 5 15% 16 47% House 8 Tobacco Pipes 25% 50% 75% 100% <25% 2 3% House 8 Shark 34 55% 4 6% 1 2% 1 2% 2 3% 18 29% Pipe Site Distribution House 2 Bofin House 28 Shark Clochan Leo Shark James Coyne Bofin House 14 Bofin House 14 Shark 0 5 10 15 20 25 Undecorated Pipes Decorated Pipes Irish Wakes, Social Memory, Materiality and Funeral Consumption Material Goods Purchased and Consumed at a Wake Porter Whiskey or other spirits Tobacco and/or snuff Clay tobacco pipes Collection of “Hynes Galway” Pipes from House 8 Symbolism and National Identity Inishark Island 2014 Mrs. Kelly Lamenting over her Husband’s Coffin. John Franklin. Before 1841. Irish Rural Interiors in Art. St. Colman’s Abbey, 14 th century ruins and Cemetery, Inishbofin. Incorporating national symbols onto pipes was a conspicuous, but covert, way to express political affiliation during British Colonial rule. Acknowledgements: The CLIC project is supported by funding from the University of Notre Dame. The project would not have been possible without the support and aid of the entire 2007-2014 CLIC crews. We are very thankful to all the people of Inishark, Inishbofin and Inishturk for the opportunity to visit experience and share their islands. Thank you to Laurie Wilkie for providing feedback on the project and aiding in interpretation. Every Day Pipe Consumption • In a coastal context, pipe stems were modified and shortened so that they could be smoked during daily activities including fishing, boating, and farming. Locally Manufactured Pipes • Data from the 1901 and 1911 National census shows that pipe making was usually a family business, much like other artisan manufacturers in the 19 th century. • Individuals of all ages worked in the industry, but particularlly young men and women in their mid- teens to mid-twenties. • According to the 1901 census women were usually pipe “finishers” (61%), taking on the finalizing steps of pipe manufacture, while men were most often listed as “makers” (87%). • 9 (15%) of pipes from total assemblage stamped as manufactured by the Hynes pipe factory of Galway. Photo reads: “Shanks of clay pipes after moulding” – late 19 th century Conclusion and Future Research References: Hartnet, A. 2004. The Politics of the Pipe: Clay Pipes and Tobacco Consumption in Galway, Ireland. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Vol.8(2):133-147. Kinmonth, C. 2006. Irish Rural Interiors in Art. Yale University Press. p. 16, 74, 171, 172, 175. Norton, J. 2013 Pipe Dreams: A Directory of Clay Tobacco Pipe-Makers in Ireland. Archaeology Ireland. Vol. 27 (1) pp. 31-36. O Crualaoich, G. 1998. The ‘Merry Wake.’ Irish Popular Culture 1650-1850. Eds. James S. Donnelly, Jr. & Kerby A. Miller. Dublin:Irish Academic Press. pp.173-200. O Suilleabhain, S. 1967. Irish Wake Amusements. Translated by the author from original Irish. Mercier Press. O Sullivan, M. 1933. Twenty Years A-Growing. Translated from original Irish by Moya Davies and George Thomson. New York: Viking Press. Ridge, A. 2009. Death Customs in Rural Ireland: Traditional Funerary Rites in the Irish Midlands. Arlen House. National Census of Ireland. National Archives of Ireland. http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/. Referred to as a “Lord have mercy,” tobacco pipes were offered to wake guests who then said a prayer for the deceased. Pipes were also left at the burial site as prayer offerings. House 8 Inishark, “Connaught,” Hynes Galway House 14 Inishbofin, Shamrock Basketweave House 2 Inishbofin House 8 Inishark, Parnell w/ Shamrock House 8 Inishark, Harp w/vines Total Identifiable Pipe Assemblage from Inishark and Inishbofin. Red – Locally produced, Green – Produced within Ireland, Blue – Probably imported from Britain or the Netherlands. Pipe Analysis from Inishark and Inishbofin “Hynes” stamp on the stem of pipe from House 8 Smoking by the hearth, early 20 th century. Woman smoking pipe Co. Kerry, 19 th century photograph. House 8 Inishark, “43” pipe House 8 Inishark, “Liden” pipe House 8 Excavation 2014 and Artifacts “The Wake.” James M. Davies. 1888. Stereo View Card. The Wake. James Christopher Timbrell. 1841. From Irish Rural Interiors in Art. Estimated Completion of Pipes Hynes family from 1901 National Census of Ireland.