to the greater integration of persons of color into the public and private sphere, the numbers of multiracial- identified individuals will certainly continue to grow in the United States. BIBLIOGRAPHY Association of MultiEthnic Americans. Available from http:// www.ameasite.org. Daniel, G. Reginald. 2002. More than Black? Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Guevarra, Rudy P. 2005. ‘‘Burritos and Bagoong: Mexipinos and Multiethnic Identity in San Diego, California.’’ In Crossing Lines: Race and Mixed Race Across the Geohistorical Divide, edited by Marc Coronado, Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr., Jeffrey Moniz, and Laura Furlan Szanto. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press. Hapa Issues Forum. Available from http://www.hapaissuesforum.org. Interracial Voice. Available from http://www.interracialvoice.com. Leonard, Karen Isaken. 1992. Making Ethnic Choices: California’s Punjabi Mexican Americans. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. MAVIN Foundation. Available from http://www. mavinfoundation.org. Mixed Media Watch. Available from http://www. mixedmediawatch.com. Multiracial Activist. Available from http://www.multiracial.com. Nakashima, Cynthia L. 1992. ‘‘An Invisible Monster: The Creation and Denial of Mixed-Race People.’’ In Racially Mixed People in America, edited by Maria P. P. Root. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Project RACE. Available from http://www.projectrace.com. Root, Maria P. P., ed. 1992. Racially Mixed People in America. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ———. 1996. The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ———, and Matt Kelley, eds. 2003. Multiracial Child Resource Book: Living Complex Identities. Seattle: MAVIN Foundation. Spickard, Paul R. 1989. Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-Century America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Swirl. Available from http://www.swirlinc.org. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2005. ‘‘We the People of More than One Race in the United States.’’ Census 2000 Special Reports, series CENSR-22. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available from http://www.census.gov. Winters, Loretta I., and Herman L. DeBose, eds. 2003. New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. G. Reginald Daniel Josef Castan ˜eda-Liles MUSLIMS While there is a persistent tendency to give the term ‘‘Mus- lim’’ a racial connotation, ‘‘Muslim’’ and ‘‘race’’ constitute in fact very different categories. Although now recognized as a sociocultural construction, the notion of ‘‘race’’ is based on assumptions of some sort of common ancestry, and even on a degree of physiognomic homogeneity. The denotation ‘‘Muslim,’’ however, refers to an adherent of Islam, one of the world’s main religions. In 2006, there were close to 1.5 billion Muslims spread over all inhabited continents of the world. One can be a Muslim by birth, but a person can also become a Muslim through conversion, regardless of ethnic background. Consequently, the historical interrelations between the categories of ‘‘Muslim’’ and ‘‘race’’ are extremely complex, and any conflation of the two must generally be considered erroneous. In discussing this problematic connec- tion, it is also important to make a distinction between, on the one hand, Islam as a religious tradition and the attitudes of Muslims toward race, and, on the other hand, the treat- ment of Muslims at the hands of non-Muslims. ISLAM’S HISTORICAL ATTITUDES TOWARD RACE As a monotheistic religion claiming universal validity, Islam makes an appeal to all of mankind. In this respect, the most frequently quoted injunctions from the Islamic sacred scripture, the Qur’an, are: ‘‘O mankind, We have created you male and female, and appointed you races and tribes, that you may know one another’’ (49:13), and ‘‘Among God’s signs are the creation of the heavens and Muslim Community Demonstrates in France. Muslim women take part in a protest in Paris, France, against the detention of French journalists held hostage in Iraq in 2004. AP IMAGES. Muslims ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RACE AND RACISM 329